Threat actors thrive in chaos

Threat actors thrive in chaos

Welcome to this week’s edition of the Threat Source newsletter. 

If there’s one thing that threat actors love, it’s chaos. Headlines in the news that provoke an emotional response make excellent phishing lures because the intense feelings invoked by a provocative subject line cause our critical thinking faculties to be bypassed. Without cautious reflection, we’re likely to engage with bait, fall for the lure and “click the link” rather than pausing to ask ourselves what the headline’s writer is trying to achieve. 

Economic disruption also works in the bad guys’ favor. In budgetary crises, investments in cyber defenses may be postponed or the hiring of sorely needed additional team members delayed. Alternatively, an end-of-life device that is still functional despite obsolescence and many unpatched vulnerabilities may get an additional year of operation before replacement. 

In such a climate, security teams are often asked to do more with less. However, security can be improved simply by getting the basics right and addressing gaps that don’t require investment. Patching might be time-consuming, but it doesn’t require extra budget. Prioritize removing the most exploited vulnerabilities as listed in our 2024 Year in Review report. Next, review your MFA implementation, ensuring that it is deployed everywhere throughout the organization and that it can’t be bypassed. 

When times are tough, focus on getting the basics right and fixing what can be fixed without needing costly investment. Each vulnerability fixed, each weakness remediated helps move the security posture forwards and makes your organization a tougher target for the bad guys who in turn are more likely to seek easier quarry.

The one big thing 

We are continuing our discussion of Talos’ 2024 Year in Review report, looking at each section in detail. This week, let’s examine the evolution of email lures and the nature of the most frequently targeted vulnerabilities.

Why do I care? 

In a world of limited resources, effective defense requires identifying areas that are more likely to be targeted by threat actors and prioritizing shoring up these areas. Not all vulnerabilities or systems are exploited equally, and remediating the most frequently exploited vulnerabilities maximizes security effectiveness. 

So now what? 

Educate users on the types of social engineering that threat actors are currently using in email lures. Social engineering is not static but constantly changing to try and outwit unwary targets. 

Exploitation of the Shellshock series of vulnerabilities should not be continuing for over 10 years since disclosure. Aggressively identify systems within your IT estate that are vulnerable to this attack and urgently patch them.

Top security headlines of the week 

Hackers strike Australia’s largest pension funds. A series of coordinated attacks has reportedly led to criminals compromising in excess of 20,000 pension accounts and stealing funds. (Reuters

Ireland Plans 300-Strong Military Cyber Command. The Irish armed forces are creating a Joint Cyber Defence Command to support defensive and offensive cyber operations. (Irish Times

Baltimore City Falls Victim to Vendor Fraud. Two payments totaling $1.5 million were reportedly paid to a fraudulent bank account that had been swapped for a contractor’s genuine account. (CBS News

CISA Warns of Vulnerabilities in ICS Software. The US Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Agency released advisories relating to five series vulnerabilities in Industrial Control Systems software. (CISA)

Can’t get enough Talos?

  • Unraveling the U.S. toll road smishing scams. Talos has observed a widespread and ongoing smishing campaign since October 2024 that targets toll road users in the U.S. Read the blog here.
  • Beers with Talos: 2024 Year in Review. Joe, Hazel, Bill and Dave break down 2024 Year in Review and discuss how and why cybercriminals are learning on attacks based in stealth and simplicity. Listen here.
  • The TTP Ep 10 (Part 1). Peeling back the layers of the threats that dominated 2024. Watch now.
  • The TTP Ep 10 (Part 2). Ransomware groups, and why we’re seeing more identity attacks. Watch now.

Upcoming events where you can find Talos 

Most prevalent malware files from Talos telemetry over the past week 

SHA 256: 9f1f11a708d393e0a4109ae189bc64f1f3e312653dcf317a2bd406f18ffcc507   
MD5: 2915b3f8b703eb744fc54c81f4a9c67f   
VirusTotal: https://www.virustotal.com/gui/file/9f1f11a708d393e0a4109ae189bc64f1f3e312653dcf317a2bd406f18ffcc507/details 
Typical Filename: VID001.exe   
Detection Name: Simple_Custom_Detection

SHA 256: a31f222fc283227f5e7988d1ad9c0aecd66d58bb7b4d8518ae23e110308dbf91  
MD5: 7bdbd180c081fa63ca94f9c22c457376  
VirusTotal: https://www.virustotal.com/gui/file/a31f222fc283227f5e7988d1ad9c0aecd66d58bb7b4d8518ae23e110308dbf91/details 
Typical Filename: IMG001.exe 
Detection Name: Simple_Custom_Detection  

SHA 256: 47ecaab5cd6b26fe18d9759a9392bce81ba379817c53a3a468fe9060a076f8ca    
MD5: 71fea034b422e4a17ebb06022532fdde    
VirusTotal: https://www.virustotal.com/gui/file/47ecaab5cd6b26fe18d9759a9392bce81ba379817c53a3a468fe9060a076f8ca/details 
Typical Filename: VID001.exe   
Detection Name: Coinminer:MBT.26mw.in14.Talos   

SHA 256: 7bf7550ae929d6fea87140ab70e6444250581c87a990e74c1cd7f0df5661575b 
MD5: f5e908f1fac5f98ec63e3ec355ef6279 
VirusTotal: https://www.virustotal.com/gui/file/7bf7550ae929d6fea87140ab70e6444250581c87a990e74c1cd7f0df5661575b/details 
Typical Filename: IMG001.exe 
Detection Name: Win.Dropper.Coinminer::tpd 

Cisco Talos Blog – ​Read More

Unraveling the U.S. toll road smishing scams

  • Cisco Talos has observed a widespread and ongoing financial theft SMS phishing (smishing) campaign since October 2024 that targets toll road users in the United States of America.  
  • We observed that the campaign targets people across several states in the U.S. according to the domain names used in the smishing messages. 
  • Talos assesses with moderate confidence that the toll road smishing attacks are being carried out by multiple financially motivated threat actors using the smishing kit developed by “Wang Duo Yu”, according to the intelligence obtained by Talos. 

Toll road smishing attacks 

Unraveling the U.S. toll road smishing scams

Since the middle of Oct. 2024, Talos has seen ongoing smishing attacks impersonating U.S toll road automatic payment services (such as E-ZPass) with the intent of financial theft. The actors have so far sent SMS messages to individuals in about eight states in the U.S., including Washington, Florida, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Texas, Ohio, Illinois and Kansas. Talos identified these states via spoofed domains containing the states’ two-letter abbreviations that we observed in the SMS messages. 

The actors send an SMS notification for an outstanding bill claiming that the potential victim owes a small amount of money, under $5 USD. They warn of potential late fees, prompting victims to visit a spoofed domain for the payment.  

Unraveling the U.S. toll road smishing scams
Sample phishing SMS messages. 

When the victim visits the domain, they are prompted to solve a fake image-based CAPTCHA, after which it redirects the victims to a fake webpage with the legitimate toll service’s logo. This webpage prompts the victims to enter their name and ZIP code to view their fake bill. The fake bill displays the victim’s name with a message showing that they owe approximately $4 and warning of a $35 late payment fee. 

Unraveling the U.S. toll road smishing scams

After the victim views their fake bill, they click the “Proceed Now” button which redirects them to another fake webpage. This site prompts the victim to enter their name, address, phone number and credit card information, which the threat actor eventually steals. Due to the limited visibility of the threat actor phishing infrastructure, Talos is unsure if there are any further payloads delivered to the victims’ devices. 

In April 2024, FBI’s Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) warned about a similar toll road smishing campaign where the threat actor used the same brand impersonation technique but with a slight difference in the SMS message language, monetary values and formatting. 

Targeting toll road users in multiple states indicates the likelihood of the threat actor leveraging user information publicly leaked from large databases. For example, the threat actor behind the 2024 National Public Data leak released billions of records publicly which were then shared on private Telegram channels for further abuse. However, Talos currently does not have any evidence to suggest that the toll road smishing campaign is fueled by the National Public Data leaks.  

Phishing infrastructure 

Talos observed that the actors have used several typosquatted domains in the SMS phishing messages to convince the potential victims to visit them. These typosquatted phishing domains were created during Oct. and Nov. 2024 and were observed resolving to one of the following IP addresses: 45[.]152[.]115[.]161 and 82[.]147[.]88[.]22.  

As of March 2025, Talos is still seeing new domains registered by the threat actors for the toll road scams, implying that the campaign is ongoing. During our research period, these newly registered domains resolved to the IP address 43[.]156[.]47[.]209. 

Unraveling the U.S. toll road smishing scams

Smishing kits likely used in the U.S. toll road scams 

Talos assesses with moderate confidence that multiple threat actors are operating the toll road smishing campaign by leveraging a smishing kit developed by the actor known as “Wang Duo Yu”, according to the intelligence obtained by Talos. 

We have observed similar smishing kits being used by the organized cybercrime group known as the “Smishing Triad.” This group has conducted large-scale smishing attacks targeting mail services in multiple countries, including the United States Postal Service (USPS), as well as the financial and commercial sectors previously reported by Resecurity

Talos discovered references to specific phishing kits that are targeting toll systems in the DY Tongbu Telegram channel on “老王同步源码开发教学” translated to “Lao Wang Synchronized Source Code Development Tutorial.”  

Unraveling the U.S. toll road smishing scams
Public Lao Wang Synchronized Source Code Development Tutorial Telegram channel.

The Telegram channel shared details about a phishing module that allegedly spoofs the Massachusetts MassDOT’s EZDriveMA toll system, as well as a phishing module that targets customers of the North Texas Toll Authority. At the time of publication, the Telegram channel had more than 4,400 subscribers. 

Further investigation has revealed that the developer, 王多余 (translated to Wang Duo Yu), has developed a similar smishing kit and operates the Lao Wang Synchronized Source Code Development Tutorial Telegram channel from two separate accounts. The pictures shown below display screenshots of the two telegram accounts related to Wang Duo Yu. 

Unraveling the U.S. toll road smishing scams
Two telegram accounts related to Wang Duo Yu. 

Additionally, we noticed that the developer has created a YouTube channel where they upload tutorial videos. These videos cover topics such as “How to Build a PMTA Mail Server,” “Setting Up an Automatic EPUSD Payment and Vending System,” “Creating a Pagoda Panel Website (宝塔面板),” “Building the Simplest and Safest Node Using Native Tools,” and “Using the X-UI Panel to Set Up a VMess+WS+TLS+Web or VLess+WS+TLS+Web Node.”  Each video guides users on building basic web services or mail servers. 

Unraveling the U.S. toll road smishing scams
Wang Duo Yu’s YouTube channel. 

There are also some private video links that cannot be found elsewhere. Talos found one such video on a Chinese forum. To access the post with the video link, users need special permissions in that forum. 

Unraveling the U.S. toll road smishing scams
Wang Duo Yu’s YouTube channel with private video. 

We also observed Wang Duo Yu promoting their smishing kits business and tutorials on other Telegram channels, also offering personal lessons that include full-stack development, mail server setup and Telegram bot development. The threat actor offers a two-hour lesson each day and provides one-on-one instruction via remote desktop, charging ¥5888 (converting to approx. US $806 at time of publication) per class. 

Unraveling the U.S. toll road smishing scams
Wang Duo Yu marketing the kits in telegram channels. 

One of the Telegram channels shown in the above picture is called, “向前论坛,” translating to ” Xiangqian Forum,” of which Wang Duo Yu is a moderator. Wang Duo Yu posted articles in this forum to increase subscribers, promoted their own teaching courses, and provided links and discount codes for purchasing VPS and domains. 

Unraveling the U.S. toll road smishing scams
Wang Duo Yu selling the VPS and cloud services through his website. 

We also found an additional website selling the VPS and cloud services, confirmed to be owned by Wang Duo Yu.  The “wangduoyu[.]vip” website was active from 2022 to 2023. 

Unraveling the U.S. toll road smishing scams
Wang Duo Yu’s shop website. 
Unraveling the U.S. toll road smishing scams
Wang Duo Yu’s shop DNS resolved IPs and active periods of time. 

We observed that Wang Duo Yu offers the toll smishing kit source code for sale and provides services to assist in setting up the whole system. In a forum post, they stated that anyone interested can reach out to their personal Telegram account “@wangduofish”. The post also includes hidden content only visible to users with VIP access. 

Unraveling the U.S. toll road smishing scams
Wang Duo Yu’s post includes hidden content only visible with VIP access. 

Wang Duo Yu has crafted and designed specific smishing kits and has been selling access to these kits on their Telegram channels. The kits are available with different infrastructure options, priced at US $50 each for a full-feature development, $30 each for proxy development (when the customer has a personal domain and server), $20 each for version updates, and $20 for all other miscellaneous support. The threat actor also offers updated releases for multiple source code versions. The offers on the Telegram channel revealed that the smishing kits and source code primarily target large public-facing entities with a large end-userbase, such as toll road operators, banks and postal services. 

Coverage

Unraveling the U.S. toll road smishing scams

Cisco Secure Endpoint (formerly AMP for Endpoints) is ideally suited to prevent the execution of the malware detailed in this post. Try Secure Endpoint for free here

Cisco Secure Email (formerly Cisco Email Security) can block malicious emails sent by threat actors as part of their campaign. You can try Secure Email for free here

Cisco Secure Firewall (formerly Next-Generation Firewall and Firepower NGFW) appliances such as Threat Defense Virtual, Adaptive Security Appliance and Meraki MX can detect malicious activity associated with this threat. 

Cisco Secure Network/Cloud Analytics (Stealthwatch/Stealthwatch Cloud) analyzes network traffic automatically and alerts users of potentially unwanted activity on every connected device. 

Cisco Secure Malware Analytics (Threat Grid) identifies malicious binaries and builds protection into all Cisco Secure products. 

Cisco Secure Access is a modern cloud-delivered Security Service Edge (SSE) built on Zero Trust principles.  Secure Access provides seamless transparent and secure access to the internet, cloud services or private application no matter where your users work. Please contact your Cisco account representative or authorized partner if you are interested in a free trial of Cisco Secure Access. 

Umbrella, Cisco’s secure internet gateway (SIG), blocks users from connecting to malicious domains, IPs and URLs, whether users are on or off the corporate network.  

Cisco Secure Web Appliance (formerly Web Security Appliance) automatically blocks potentially dangerous sites and tests suspicious sites before users access them.  Additional protections with context to your specific environment and threat data are available from the Firewall Management Center

Cisco Duo provides multi-factor authentication for users to ensure only those authorized are accessing your network. 

Indicators of Compromise  

IOCs for this threat can be found in our GitHub repository here

Cisco Talos Blog – ​Read More

Protecting against attacks in ZIP, RAR, CAB, MSI, ISO and other archives | Kaspersky official blog

Archiving programs designed to simplify file storage and transfers have become common tools not only for users but also for attackers. Malicious archives are regularly found in both targeted attacks and ransomware incidents. Attackers mainly use them to bypass security measures, deceive users, and, of course, extract stolen data. This means cybersecurity and IT departments should pay close attention to how archives are handled in operating systems, business applications, and security tools. Let’s now look at how attackers can use archives.

Delivering malware by bypassing “Mark of the Web” warnings

Due to the logical features and vulnerabilities of certain archivers, when unpacked in Windows, the extracted files may not receive the “downloaded from the internet” attribute (Mark of the Web, or MotW). Technically, these attributes are stored in an NTFS alternate data stream: Zone.Identifier. If this identifier points to an external source (ZoneID = 3 or 4), Windows shows a warning when you attempt to run the executable file, and Office automatically opens potentially unsafe documents in Protected View.

By exploiting flaws in archivers, attackers bypass this layer of protection. The most recent vulnerability of this type is CVE-2025-31334 in WinRAR, but there are others: CVE-2025-0411 in 7-Zip, CVE-2024-8811 in WinZip, and more. Note that some archivers don’t support MotW at all, and only apply it to certain file extensions, or only do so when files are unpacked in a certain way. A table comparing MotW support in archivers is available on GitHub.

Automatic malware execution via archiver vulnerabilities

When a user performs a seemingly safe action (like viewing an archive or opening a harmless-looking file within it), under certain conditions the archiver can execute a malicious file or shellcode. A recent example of such a vulnerability was CVE-2024-11477 in the Zstandard algorithm, used by 7-Zip for compression. This flaw hasn’t been seen in real-world attacks yet — unlike CVE-2023-38831 in WinRAR, which was widely exploited by attackers ranging from APT espionage groups to initial access brokers. This WinRAR vulnerability allowed execution of a file from an archive when trying to view an image if the EXE file was placed in a folder with the same name as the image.

In March 2025, a similar defect was discovered in an unusual place — the Vim editor, popular among *nix users. Its standard tar.vim plugin lets users view and edit files directly inside TAR archives. CVE-2025-27423 allowed arbitrary shell command execution when editing a file from a malicious archive.

Server compromise via archive uploads

If an organization has a public web app that can handle archive uploads (such as attaching files to forms), vulnerabilities in archive unpacking can be used to hijack servers. A classic method is Zip Slip, which uses symbolic links in archives to bypass input sanitization and exploit path traversal vulnerabilities to compromise server-side applications.  A list of various ZIP-handling libraries where this vulnerability has been patched (there are over 20 CVEs) is available on GitHub. It’s worth checking out to see how many instances of software can be affected by this flaw.

Even though Zip Slip was first described in 2018, logical flaws in server-side archive unpacking are still common — as seen in this 2025 pentest and the recent vulnerability CVE-2024-12905 in tar-fs.

Bypassing security with corrupted archives

Attackers may intentionally corrupt archive contents so that automated scanners and security tools fail to analyze them fully. However, the victim can still manually recover and open the respective file with minimal effort. A recent example is the exploitation of MS Office’s “document recovery” feature — since Office files are essentially ZIP archives. Security tools and archivers may fail to scan such documents, but Word can restore and open them.

Masking malware with exotic formats

Beyond common formats like ZIP, RAR, and TAR/TAR.GZ, attackers frequently use disk image files (ISO, IMG, VHD), Windows archives (CAB, MSI), and even legacy or obscure archive types: ARJ, ACE, ICE, and others. Security tools often don’t handle these well, while modern universal archivers like WinRAR can still open them.

Disguising malware using the Matryoshka method

Mail scanners and other security tools often have configurable limits to reduce server load (for example, they may skip scanning very large files or nested archives). If an attacker creates a “matryoshka doll” (aka a “Russian doll”), of several nested archives, there’s a higher chance that the innermost archive won’t be automatically scanned in the targeted organization.

Bypassing security tools and tricking users using legitimate archive features

Attackers often combine social engineering and technical tricks to get users to perform desired actions with archives without triggering security alerts. These techniques include the following:

Encrypted archives. A classic trick from the early 2000s, which still works today. The victim receives a password-protected archive, and the password is either sent in a separate email or instant message, or hinted at within the original email itself: “The password is the current year repeated twice”. For example, this method was used in the Emotet malware campaigns.

Self-extracting archives. These were originally useful in the days before archive utilities were built into all operating systems. Today, they allow attackers to easily install malware by bundling all the necessary components into a single file. For instance, the NeedleDropper attack used a self-extracting archive to extract a popular legitimate tool, AutoIT, along with malicious AutoIT scripts, which were then executed. The attacker simply needs to trick the victim into running the archive.

A combination of the above. Some attacks use self-extracting archives that, once executed, unpack a password-protected inner archive. Technically, this password is stored within the outer archive, but few security tools can detect it there and use.

Double-extension archives. Another classic is a self-extracting archive with a “.pdf.exe” extension and an Acrobat Reader icon assigned by the archiver. For victims who are not too IT-savvy, these tricks are still convincing.

Multi-volume archives. This function was originally used to split large files across CDs, flash drives and so on. Today, this rarely-used feature is still supported by archivers. Attackers use it to divide malware among volumes, or bypass scanning entirely, as some tools are configured only to scan ZIP or RAR files, but not R01, R02, and so on.

Polyglot files. Attackers can combine different file types into a single one, so, for example, one app opens the file as a PDF and another as a ZIP archive. This works in part because technical ZIP file headers are located at the end of the file, not at the beginning. We recently covered an attack by the Head Mare group, where phishing emails contained a polyglot file made of both a malicious EXE file (with the PhantomPyramid backdoor) and a small, harmless ZIP archive. When clicked normally, it would open as a ZIP, but when launching the shortcut inside, the same polyglot file would execute as an EXE via PowerShell.  Another version of the same method combines two archives in one polyglot file.

Self-extracting archives as launch tools. A more exotic variant — which has been seen in actual attacks — involves self-extracting archives that contain no actual files but include post-extraction commands to launch system tools like PowerShell or CMD, which are common in LotL attacks.

Data exfiltration

Compressing data and encrypting an archive before exiting the attacked network is well documented under MITRE ATT&CK technique T1560. Attackers use all options available: everything from basic archive tools on infected machines to popular archiving libraries built into the malware. In LotL attacks, attackers can combine techniques, using Windows utilities to collect files from other hosts and simultaneously archive them (diantz).

Protective measures when handling archives

These measures should be prioritized and adapted based on the profile of your organization, department, and role.  To protect yourself:

Test your security tools with tricky cases: exotic archive formats, corrupted archives, and polyglot files. If direct testing is difficult, ask your vendor’s tech-support whether these cases are covered. At a minimum, test your mail gateway, NGFW, EDR/XDR solution, and sandbox (if it’s a separate solution). For example, in Kaspersky Secure Mail Gateway, the sandbox is an integral part of the security architecture and prevents most malicious attachments from opening.

Set up safe extraction. Ensure your security solution can scan deeply nested archives and large files. Different tools will vary in this area: while mail filters can thoroughly scan attachments and detonate them in a sandbox, NGFWs will probably just check the reputation of the archive itself and its visible files.  Therefore, deeper analysis should be used on both endpoints and mail gateways, while web filters and NGFWs should apply lighter checks within their limitations. In any case, archives that exceed reasonable analysis capabilities should be blocked or quarantined.

Block dangerous archives. Uploading archives in exotic formats, as well as self-extracting archives, is rarely necessary, so this functionality can be blocked on hosts. Additionally, using trusted application management (apps allowlist, application control), you can prohibit the execution of all archivers except the one or two that are permitted and actually used within the organization. It’s important to analyze the use of built-in OS archiving tools and block those that aren’t used by employees or the IT department. Make sure that none of the approved tools for Windows machines are ones that have no support for Mark-of-the-Web (MotW).

Block automatic mounting of disk images. Although disk images are not exactly archives, attackers use them in similar ways. Usage of disk images should be disabled through group policy for all employees who don’t need it for legitimate business purposes.

Monitor the use of archivers on endpoints. Ensure that your EDR solution and monitoring tools (SIEM, XDR) have rules to help detect suspicious activity related to archives: launching files from temporary folders, launching processes from within an archiver, and so on. Monitoring is also needed to detect data theft attempts indicated by archiving data from network folders, creating password-protected archives, creating very large archives, and so on.

Restrict the use of archives in server-side applications. If uploading archived files is not a critically important business function, it’s better to disable this feature in CMS, CRM, and other online applications. Ensuring its security can be challenging. If archives are required, be sure that the folders where these archives are uploaded are monitored by an EDR agent on the server, that the server application itself is updated regularly, and that the permissions granted to the application don’t allow it to write files to any folders outside its designated directories.

Include archivers and archive-processing applications in your vulnerability management program. Archivers should be updated no less frequently than the operating system and office software.

Train employees. Cybersecurity training for employees should cover phishing as well as general rules for safe handling of archives: pay attention to any pop-ups or unexpected prompts when opening familiar file types (DOC, PDF), only extract archives using the archiving application approved by the company, and if an archive immediately prompts for a password upon clicking the file, don’t extract it under any circumstances and immediately report it to the security team.

Kaspersky official blog – ​Read More

Watch out for these traps lurking in search results

Here’s how to avoid being hit by fraudulent websites that scammers can catapult directly to the top of your search results

WeLiveSecurity – ​Read More

So your friend has been hacked: Could you be next?

When a ruse puts on a familiar face, your guard might drop, making you an easy mark. Learn how to tell a friend apart from a foe.

WeLiveSecurity – ​Read More

GetShared phishing | Kaspersky official blog

A former colleague of ours recently received a suspicious email notification from GetShared — a genuine service he was unfamiliar with. Being the paranoid cautious type that he is (he did work at Kaspersky, after all), he didn’t click the link but instead forwarded the notification straight to us. A closer look at the email message confirmed it was a scam. Indeed, our email security statistics suggest that GetShared has been gaining popularity with scammers. We explain how GetShared is used in attacks, why attackers use it, and how to stay safe.

What a GetShared attack looks like

The victim receives a normal, authentic email notification from GetShared informing them that someone has sent them a file. The message specifies the file name and extension. For example, in the attack targeting our ex-colleague’s employer, it was “DESIGN LOGO.rar”.

Email notification from GetShared

Sample scam email sent as a GetShared notification

The message that accompanies the link employs a classic phishing trick: scammers inquire about prices for items supposedly listed in the attachment. To add a veneer of legitimacy, they ask about delivery time and payment details.

Why malicious actors use GetShared and other third-party services

Security solutions filter out the vast majority of spam, phishing, scam emails, and malicious attachments at the email gateway level. A popular and effective tactic for scammers trying to bypass these defenses is to send emails through legitimate services like Google Calendar or Dropbox. These services, naturally, are uncomfortable being unwitting accomplices in cybercrimes, so they constantly improve their own countermeasures, tighten signup rules, and so on. Therefore, scammers keep looking for new services to exploit. GetShared — a free service for sending large files — turned out to be yet another exploitable tool.

Signs that something’s phishy

Let’s step back from this specific case and GetShared for a moment. Ask yourself: is it really normal practice to send a business inquiry as a note in some random third-party file-sharing service? Assuming a hypothetical client has a genuine business need to transmit a file — say, documents relating to an order — via an external service, they’d typically arrange it first through standard email correspondence before sending you a barrage of notifications. This is business etiquette 101.

When someone asks you to view a text document on a third-party service, there can only be three explanations:

  • A security engine flags the document as spam, phishing, or scam.
  • The document contains links to a scam, phishing, or malicious website.
  • The document is infected, or the attachment is actually a malicious executable rather than a document.

In this particular instance, the service was used to distribute a text file containing a rather absurd request to get in touch with the malicious actors — they were trying to start a conversation to then develop the attack through social engineering.

Coming back to the email campaign we observed, this notification looks especially suspicious, primarily due to the glaring mismatch between the name of the file and the text accompanying it. The message hints at some list of goods, whereas the filename strongly suggests a design project.

Furthermore, take a close look at the sender’s address, which is stated clearly in the notification. A quick search for the domain name immediately reveals that this email address is likely used by scammers.

How to defend against such attacks

To protect your company from scam emails sent through GetShared or any other legitimate services, we recommend the following:

Kaspersky official blog – ​Read More

Why Practice Is Key to Training Top Malware Analysts and How ANY.RUN Supports It

While developing our Security Training Lab educational program, we at ANY.RUN have turned to well-established theories of education, cognitive skill development, and the psychology of learning. Their foundational principles emphasize one critical truth: practice is indispensable for mastering complex skills.  

In the field of cybersecurity—especially in malware analysis—the ability to apply theoretical knowledge in real-world scenarios is what separates competent professionals from novices. Inspired by this understanding, we designed the Security Training Lab to bridge the gap between classroom theory and the practical demands of the cybersecurity industry. Students, we believe, are to be equipped to tackle real threats from day one. 

As a malware analysis solutions developer, ANY.RUN has all the resources and capabilities to provide the audience of its educational program with as much practice as it’s ready to digest.  

How Security Training Lab Offers Practice-Oriented Training 

Of course, nobody is going to toss future malware analysts in at the deep end unprepared and watch them flounder in a lake of real cyber threats. Security Training Lab is based on 30 hours of academic content including texts and video lectures.

The program includes modules on:

  • Advanced static and dynamic malware analysis
  • Study of malware behavior, malicious scripts, files, and macros
  • The basics of encryption  
The Program’s structure and contents 

Interactive tasks and tests appear at the end of each module and in the final exam. But real-world examples of detonated, dissected, and analyzed malware run through the entirety of learning material encouraging trainees to find an example or perform a task of their own, to practice their newly acquired skills.

Reach out to our experts to integrate
ANY.RUN’s Security Training Lab in your university 



Contact us


How Security Training Lab Benefits Universities

The emphasis on applicable knowledge and practical experience are not the only features of the Security Training Lab valuable for educational organizations. As a ready-made, expert-supported solution, it offers universities the following benefits:  

  • No setup hassle: full access to ANY.RUN’s Interactive Sandbox for instructors and students. The course is available and ready for use on the Seturon platform. There is no need to set up complex environments or worry about local security.
  • Up-to-date: based on the latest malware samples, techniques, and real-world scenarios, keeping the curriculum relevant. 
  • Scalable for classrooms and remote learners: supports self-paced, instructor-led, and hybrid learning formats. 
  • Built-in analytics: instructors can track progress and assess students’ practical skills. 

The Key to Effective Learning: Interactive Sandbox 

Students don’t just read about malicious scripts, ransomware, or phishing kits—they dissect them. Through ANY.RUN’s Interactive Sandbox, they gain full access to a virtualized environment where they can upload, execute, and analyze live threats. 

Public reports with malware samples submitted by ANY.RUN’s users

They also gain access to a repository of malware samples submitted by ANY.RUN’s user community of more than 500,000 cybersecurity professionals. These users (including 15,000 corporate SOC teams that face the most current and dangerous threats) leave public reports on their analysis sessions that students can explore and analyze of their own.

A task for working with public reports

All students of the Security Training Lab have an unlimited access to the Sandbox, so they can go far beyond examples and tasks in the program. 

Launching a suspected malware sample analysis in sandbox’s virtual environment

For example, a student might analyze a phishing link disguised as a legitimate URL, interact with it in the sandbox, and observe how it attempts to steal credentials or deploy secondary malware. Another might de-obfuscate a malicious script, uncovering its hidden payload step-by-step.

Investigating a suspicious link in ANY.RUN’s Sandbox 

These exercises simulate the real-life scenarios analysts face — whether it’s investigating a targeted attack on a corporate network or responding to a widespread malware campaign. By engaging with authentic samples, students learn to recognize patterns, anticipate attacker tactics, and develop effective mitigation strategies. 


Learn more about Security Training Lab

Learn more about Security Training Lab

Discover the key benefits of integrating Security Training Lab for both students and universities



A Dive into Practice: Full Scope of Tools 

Of course, the hands-on part of the Security Training Lab curriculum is not based solely on ANY.RUN’s tools.

A number of modules introduce students to key professional tools

A malware analysis expert is to employ an arsenal of instruments, so it’s vital for the students to start acquainting with them early and intensely.

Conclusion  

The cybersecurity industry is experiencing a global talent shortage, particularly in skilled threat researchers and malware analysts. With the Security Training Lab, we help to address this gap by providing a practice-first, job-relevant learning experience. 

Through hands-on training with real malware samples and simulations of workplace challenges, we’re preparing students not just to understand cyber threats, but to defeat them.  

By integrating ANY.RUN’s course into the academic program, universities meet the challenges of offering a competitive educational product, answering to the market urges, and providing their students with the most promising career opportunities.  

For Universities: Contact ANY.RUN to integrate Security Training Lab in your curriculum 

About ANY.RUN

ANY.RUN supports over 15,000 organizations across numerous industries, including banking, manufacturing, and healthcare. Our interactive malware analysis and threat intelligence tools allow companies and SOC teams to speed up their threat investigations, ensure proactive security, and build stronger and more resilient operations.

The post Why Practice Is Key to Training Top Malware Analysts and How ANY.RUN Supports It appeared first on ANY.RUN’s Cybersecurity Blog.

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Microsoft Patch Tuesday for April 2025 — Snort rules and prominent vulnerabilities

Microsoft Patch Tuesday for April 2025 — Snort rules and prominent vulnerabilities

Microsoft has released its monthly security update for April of 2025 which includes 126 vulnerabilities affecting a range of products, including 11 that Microsoft marked as “critical”. 

In this month’s release, none of the included vulnerabilities have been observed by Microsoft to be exploited in the wild. The eleven “critical” entries are all remote code execution (RCE) vulnerabilities, four of which have been marked as “Exploitation more likely”. 

Two of the “critical” vulnerabilities listed affect components of the Windows Remote Desktop Services. 

CVE-2025-27480 and CVE-2025-27482 are RCE vulnerabilities in components of the Remote Desktop Gateway Service. Both vulnerabilities were given a CVSS 3.1 score of 8.1. To successfully exploit these an attacker could connect to a system with the Remote Desktop Gateway role and trigger a race condition to create a use-after-free scenario, potentially allowing arbitrary code to be executed. Microsoft has assessed that the attack complexity is “high”, and exploitation is “More likely”.

CVE-2025-26663 is an RCE vulnerability in the Windows Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) and has been given a CVSS 3.1 score of 8.1. This could be exploited by an attacker by sending a specially crafted LDAP call to trigger a use-after-free vulnerability, allowing arbitrary code to be executed in the context of the LDAP service. An attacker could initiate this by sending a victim an email or message containing a malicious link. Microsoft has assessed that exploitation is “more likely” and that the attack complexity is “high”.

CVE-2025-26670 is a RCE vulnerability in the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) Client and has been given a CVSS 3.1 base score of 8.1. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending sequential specially crafted LDAP requests to a vulnerable LDAP server. Successful exploitation would require an attacker to win a race condition, which could result in a use-after-free that would allow for arbitrary code execution. Microsoft states that exploitation of this vulnerability is “More likely” and that the attack complexity is “high”.

CVE-2025-26686 is an RCE vulnerability in Windows TCP/IP and has been given a CVSS 3.1 base score of 7.5. Due to improperly locked memory in Windows TCP/IP, this vulnerability could allow an attacker to execute arbitrary code over a network. To exploit this an attacker must wait for a user to initiate a connection and send a DHCPv6, to which the attacker would reply with a DHCPv6 response containing a fake IPv6 address. Successful exploitation requires the attacker to win a race condition and make several preparations in the target environment beforehand. Due to this complexity Microsoft has determined that exploitation is “Less likely”.

CVE-2025-27491 is an RCE vulnerability in Windows Hyper-V and has a CVSS 3.1 base score of 7.1. An attacker with guest privileges on a network could exploit this by convincing a victim to click a link to a malicious site.  Microsoft has determined that exploitation of this vulnerability is “Less likely” and that the attack complexity is “high”.

CVE-2025-29791 is an RCE vulnerability in Microsoft Excel and has a CVSS 3.1 base score of 7.8. An attacker could exploit this by sending a specially crafted document to a victim that triggers a type confusion when opened. Once triggered, the type confusion could lead to arbitrary code execution. Microsoft has assessed that exploitation of this vulnerability is “Less likely”.

CVE-2025-27752 is another RCE vulnerability in Microsoft Excel and has a CVSS 3.1 score of 7.8. This is a heap overflow vulnerability and can be exploited by an attacker to locally execute arbitrary code. It has been assessed that exploitation of this vulnerability is considered “Less likely”.

CVE-2025-27745, CVE-2025-27748 and CVE-2025-27749 are RCE vulnerabilities in Microsoft Office and all have a CVSS 3.1 base score of 7.8. These could be exploited by an attacker by triggering a use-after-free scenario, allowing for the execution of arbitrary code. Microsoft has determined that exploitation for each is considered “Less likely”.

Talos would also like to highlight the following “important” vulnerabilities as Microsoft has determined that exploitation is “More likely”:

  • CVE-2025-27472 – Windows Mark of the Web Security Feature Bypass Vulnerability
  • CVE-2025-27727 – Windows Installer Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability
  • CVE-2025-29792 – Microsoft Office Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability
  • CVE-2025-29793 – Microsoft SharePoint Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
  • CVE-2025-29794 – Microsoft SharePoint Remote Code Execution Vulnerability
  • CVE-2025-29809 – Windows Kerberos Security Feature Bypass Vulnerability
  • CVE-2025-29812 – DirectX Graphics Kernel Elevation of Privilege Vulnerability
  • CVE-2025-29822 – Microsoft OneNote Security Feature Bypass Vulnerability 

A complete list of all the other vulnerabilities Microsoft disclosed this month is available on its update page

In response to these vulnerability disclosures, Talos is releasing a new Snort rule set that detects attempts to exploit some of them. Please note that additional rules may be released at a future date and current rules are subject to change pending additional information. Cisco Security Firewall customers should use the latest update to their ruleset by updating their SRU. Open-source Snort Subscriber Rule Set customers can stay up to date by downloading the latest rule pack available for purchase on Snort.org.

The rules included in this release that protect against the exploitation of many of these vulnerabilities are 58316, 58317, 64432, 64746 – 64757, 64760 – 64762. There are also these Snort 3 rules: 301176 – 301179.

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How MSSP Expertware Uses ANY.RUN’s Interactive Sandbox for Faster Threat Analysis

At ANY.RUN, we love hearing about clients’ experiences. Quality feedback helps us improve and gives new and existing users a clearer understanding of our tools in actual security scenarios. 

That’s why when we spoke with Augustin Alexandrovici, who leads Cyber Intelligence Operations at Expertware, we knew we had to share our conversation.  

Check out the highlights to see how a Managed Security Service Provider employs ANY.RUN in its operations. 

Company Overview 

Expertware is a leading IT consultancy with over 18 years of experience, specializing in cybersecurity and Security Operations Center (SOC) services. With a dedicated team of over 30 cyber experts, we can seamlessly build or extend internal teams to address evolving threats and ensure robust protection for businesses. 

Our expertise spans AI and machine learning, full-stack development, IT architecture, and business optimization. Having completed over 500 successful projects for leading European clients across industries such as banking, insurance, retail, telecom, and more, we deliver innovative, high-impact solutions that foster growth and resilience. 

What Made Expertware Look for a Malware Sandbox 

We started looking for a sandbox, because we wanted to offer to our customers an in-depth view of security incidents targeting their IT Infrastructure. 

Before, we had to manually set up reverse-engineering environments, which was a time-consuming process. The extra steps required slowed down our ability to analyze and respond to malware threats in an efficient way. 

We also wanted to improve the average turnaround time for malware investigations to make operations faster and be able to process more threats.  

Another challenge we sought to address was the limited visibility into attacks. We needed a solution that would present us with an intuitive and streamlined view of threats’ entire kill chain. 

With all of these taken into consideration, ANY.RUN’s sandbox became our choice. 

ANY.RUN has enabled us to actually interact with malicious files on the fly, which saves us from risky manual setups and cuts down on the resources we allocate to daily tasks

One of the main factors behind our decision was the interactivity. It instantly solved the problem of building and maintaining our custom VMs for malware analysis. ANY.RUN has enabled us to actually interact with malicious files on the fly, which saves us from risky manual setups and cuts down on the resources we allocate to daily tasks. 

How Expertware Use ANY.RUN 

Our organization has been using ANY.RUN for over a year. Initially, we started with a proof of concept (POC) phase to see how it would fit into our SOC workflow, and we found it very effective, so we fully integrated it soon afterwards. 

Now we use all the core products provided by ANY.RUN: the Interactive Sandbox, TI Feeds, and Threat Intelligence Lookup complementing and enriching our SIEMBIOT cyber security. Our team relies on them for malware analysis, dynamic execution of files, and rapid threat intelligence analysis. 

We use the sandbox specifically for: 

  • Malware Investigations: We submit suspicious files for dynamic analysis to observe malicious behavior, network indicators, and potential dropper actions. 
  • Phishing Analysis: We examine advanced phishing campaigns to see how attachments or malicious scripts are executed within a controlled environment. 
  • Indicator Extraction and Mapping: We extract IOCs, map the full scope of the attack to the MITRE ATT&CK framework, and quickly integrate them into our threat intelligence feeds and detection systems. 
  • Training & Collaboration: We share interactive reports across the SOC and Incident Response teams to facilitate collaborative analysis and help junior analysts develop their skills. 

Reach out to our experts
to integrate ANY.RUN’s products in your organization 



Contact us


Examples of Cyber Threats ANY.RUN Helps Address 

At Expertware, we routinely confront threats like advanced infostealers (e.g., RedLine, Raccoon Stealer), persistent backdoors (like NanoCore or Remcos), and botnet malware (such as Emotet). ANY.RUN’s Interactive Sandbox and real-time analysis tools are invaluable in helping us quickly detect, investigate, and neutralize these evolving threats. 

Notable Use Case: XLoader Phishing Attack 

One notable case involved a highly obfuscated phishing campaign distributing XLoader malware in a multi-stage infection chain. Initially, the malicious attachment was a seemingly benign Microsoft Office document containing VBA macros. Once the macro was enabled, it executed a PowerShell command that retrieved additional payloads from a remote server.

This was followed by fileless techniques, such as reflective loading of DLLs directly into memory, making static detection difficult. When we ran the sample in ANY.RUN’s Interactive Sandbox, we could manually walk through each stage of the infection process. Specifically: 

  1. Macro Execution: We triggered the VBA macro inside the sandbox, capturing real-time logs of spawned processes (e.g., powershell.exe) and network connections. 
  1. Decoding the PowerShell Script: The script was obfuscated using string concatenation and base64 encoding. ANY.RUN’s interactive approach lets us step through and decode the script in real time, exposing the URLs used for Command & Control. 
  1. Memory Analysis: By pausing and resuming processes, we pinpointed the exact moment the additional payload was written directly to memory. This was crucial in revealing the second-stage DLL that XLoader injected, bypassing traditional on-disk detection. 
  1. Network Traffic Inspection: We observed the malware connecting to its C2 infrastructure, sending beacon requests with system reconnaissance data. ANY.RUN’s detailed packet capture allowed us to extract and analyze these indicators (e.g., domain names, IP addresses, and request parameters). 
  1. Persistence Mechanisms: XLoader used several registry-based techniques to maintain persistence. We tracked registry changes within the sandbox session, which helped us craft custom detection rules in our SIEM and endpoint solutions. 

Without the ability to dynamically interact with the malware (e.g., clicking through the macros, responding to execution prompts, and examining in-memory behavior), many of these steps would have remained hidden, especially given the extensive use of fileless and obfuscation techniques. ANY.RUN gave us the granularity to uncover each stage, correlate events, and produce comprehensive IOCs to better protect our environment and inform our incident response. 

In short, ANY.RUN’s interactive approach was critical in dissecting this complex multi-stage XLoader campaign and swiftly mitigating its impact across our network. 

Security and Operational Improvements After Adopting ANY.RUN 

With ANY.RUN, our malware investigation and IOC extraction processes have seen over a 50% reduction in turnaround time.  

The time saved in malware investigations means threats are contained and remediated faster, right? So, I believe the real added value is the opportunity to reduce potential damage. Which is really the one and only scope of our work. 

With ANY.RUN, our malware investigation and IOC extraction processes have seen over a 50% reduction in turnaround time

Process tree in ANY.RUN showing the execution chain of the Formbook malware 

The visual process tree and network analysis allow us to see an attack’s full scope in one place, which really speeds up our containment and remediation processes. 

ANY.RUN generates analysis reports that can be shared via a link 

Plus, collaborating got easier—everyone’s on the same page when we can share those interactive reports. 

Implementation Challenges and Solutions 

To integrate ANY.RUN into our SIEM and SOAR platforms for real-time data flow, we used APIs and custom scripts, supported by OpenCTI integration. Initial challenges included interoperability issues with our Filigran system, data formatting mismatches, and security constraints. Collaboration with vendors and iterative testing resolved these issues, achieving reliable performance. 

To help colleagues fully utilize ANY.RUN’s interactive features, we conducted in-house training sessions. These covered the platform’s core functionalities, best practices for malware analysis, and real-time collaboration techniques. This ensured all team members, from junior analysts to experienced responders, could effectively use the new workflows and maximize the platform’s capabilities. 


How Transport Company Improved Proactive Threat Intelligence with ANY.RUN

How Transport Company Improved Proactive Threat Intelligence

Discover a first-hand account of how a multinational logistics business integrated ANY.RUN’s Threat Intelligence Lookup to track emerging malware and phishing



Employee Feedback 

Our employees are generally very positive about ANY.RUN’s products. Analysts appreciate the intuitive interface and the ability to manipulate malware in real-time. Junior analysts find it educational, since they can watch suspicious processes unfold step by step, learning about Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTPs) in a hands-on manner. Senior analysts value the time savings and the visual clarity of the results. 

Junior analysts find it educational, since they can watch suspicious processes unfold step by step

Advice for Those Planning to Integrate ANY.RUN 

We advise starting with a pilot project on the most suspicious files—you’ll see the value right away. Take advantage of ANY.RUN’s API documentation and support channels to make integration smoother. And if you’re training new analysts, definitely have them dive into the interactive side of things. It’s a real game-changer. 

Plans 

We’re upping our SOC game by adding more automation. ANY.RUN’s API integration makes it easy to connect with our CTI/SOAR platform, so when something malicious is detected, it can trigger containment steps automatically. ANY.RUN will be a core piece of our future setup. 

Conclusion 

A big thank you to Augustine and Expertware for sharing their insight into the day-to-day operations of a security team during our meeting. The expertise and unique perspectives you provided as part of the interview will help other organizations understand the benefits of integrating ANY.RUN’s Interactive Sandbox for stronger security. 

If you are using ANY.RUN’s products and willing to share your experiences with the community, please send us an email at content@any.run

About ANY.RUN

ANY.RUN supports over 15,000 organizations across industries such as banking, manufacturing, telecommunications, healthcare, retail, and technology, helping them build stronger and more resilient cybersecurity operations.

With our cloud-based Interactive Sandbox, security teams can safely analyze and understand threats targeting Windows, Linux, and Android environments in less than 40 seconds and without the need for complex on-premise systems. Combined with our Threat Intelligence solutions, TI Lookup, YARA Search, and Feeds, we equip businesses to speed up investigations, reduce security risks, and improve team’s efficiency.

The post How MSSP Expertware Uses ANY.RUN’s Interactive Sandbox for Faster Threat Analysis appeared first on ANY.RUN’s Cybersecurity Blog.

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Year in Review: Key vulnerabilities, tools, and shifts in attacker email tactics

Year in Review: Key vulnerabilities, tools, and shifts in attacker email tactics

Over the next few weeks, we’re breaking down the most critical sections of our 2024 Year in Review.

This week, we examine the most frequently targeted vulnerabilities—particularly those affecting network infrastructure. We also detail a noticeable shift in adversary behavior, as threat actors move away from time-sensitive lures in phishing campaigns. Finally, we highlight the tools most commonly leveraged by attackers last year and provide guidance on how to detect their presence in your environment.

Download the full report for a deeper understanding of these trends and actionable steps to strengthen your defenses.

Only have 60 seconds? Here’s a roundup for you on this topic:

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