Henry IV, Hotspur, Hal, and hallucinations

Henry IV, Hotspur, Hal, and hallucinations

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Henry IV, Hotspur, Hal, and hallucinations

Welcome to this week’s edition of the Threat Source newsletter.  

“‘Tis dangerous to take a cold, to sleep, to drink; but I tell you, my lord fool, out of this nettle, danger, we pluck this flower, safety.” – Hotspur, Shakespeare’s Henry IV, Part 1: Act 2 Scene 3 

I get it. Hotspur is the quintessential hothead, and we all understand his place in the story. He’s famous for his fiery temperament and impatience with anything that smells of caution or compromise. Hotspur’s whole deal is that you have to take risks if you want to achieve anything worthwhile, but he’s not wrong… at least not fully. Anyone who has been in this field for a while has seen risks lead to disaster and risks lead to success. There is no silver bullet and there is no black and white.  

Wait, am I talking about Henry IV and cybersecurity? Yes. Yes, I am, but stick with me and I bet it will make sense to you, as well.  

The speed at which all sides have taken on the monumental task of leveraging AI is a paradigm shift, but as we go forward, run into potholes, and see simple avoidable mistakes, I’m reminded that all of this is cyclical. While this feels insurmountable at times, the reality is that the baseline is already starting to be met. Useful outcomes and capabilities are highlighting that the answer is still finding the smartest people in the room. If you know me at all, you’ve heard the axiom, “If you’re the smartest person in the room you’re in the wrong room.” That’s how I got to Talos (now I just hope that they don’t remember that I’m here). If you continue to find the smartest people in the room and surround yourself with them, you will find that peer group full of ideas in this paradigm-shifting era. Allow those ideas to plant seeds in your mind, take a few risks, and let them grow. Use some of these tools (responsibly) in ways that you don’t think will work. You learn from your failures, so take the chance to fail. 

I have been using AI to teach myself Golang and Rust by leveraging AI to convert my clunky Perl and Python scripts and broken or questionable proofs of concept into those languages. Sometimes it’s very smooth and works flawlessly, which in turn has made it harder for me to learn, but sometimes I hit the jackpot and it’s a mess. Those messes have taught me the most while frustrating me to new heights. All of this has provided me with new directions to explore. 

While it’s overwhelming to read each new story on security flaws found in tools, stories on the latest “hallucinated” errors, and the latest vibe-coded disaster, it’s important to remember that NIMDA happened. Code Red existed. The ILOVEYOU virus walked so that MyDoom could run. Sapphire/Slammer walloped networks, doubling in size every 8.5 seconds. Hotspur contends that we MUST take risks to gain security. In the end, he dies at Hal’s hands (429 year spoiler alert!) because Hal has patiently grown into the mantle of leadership and finds that he wears it well. I’d say that we stand to learn from both of them — Take some risks but continue to be patient and learn the nuance of these new tools, both their capabilities and pitfalls, remembering all the while that this is all new, but we’ve been here before.  

“The past is so much safer, because whatever’s in it has already happened. It can’t be changed; so, in a way, there’s nothing to dread.” – Margaret Atwood 

The one big thing 

Cisco Talos identified an ongoing campaign by UAT-10027, using a new backdoor we call “Dohdoor” since December 2025. Dohdoor leverages DNS-over-HTTPS (DoH)  for stealthy command-and-control (C2) communications and can download and execute additional payloads within legitimate Windows processes. The campaign targets education and health care sectors in the US, using phishing, PowerShell scripts, and DLL sideloading, with C2 infrastructure hidden behind reputable services like Cloudflare. 

Why do I care? 

This threat demonstrates sophisticated techniques that evade traditional security controls, posing risks to organizations with sensitive data such as schools and hospitals. Dohdoor’s use of legitimate Windows tools and encrypted communications makes detection and response challenging. The campaign’s overlap with known APT tactics indicates a high level of adversary skill and persistence. The targeting of critical sectors raises the stakes for potential disruption and data theft. 

So now what? 

Security teams should make sure their detection tools are up-to-date with the latest ClamAV and SNORT® signatures we share in the blog. It’s important to keep an eye out for unusual DoH traffic and monitor legitimate Windows tools being used in unexpected ways. Reviewing endpoint logs for signs of anti-forensic activity and process hollowing can help spot infections early. Finally, sharing threat intelligence and best practices with other organizations in your sector can strengthen defenses and improve response to similar threats. 

Top security headlines of the week 

Operation Red Card 2.0 leads to 651 arrests in Africa 
In December and January, law enforcement officers from 16 African countries worked with Interpol and private companies to disrupt some major cybercriminal operations. (DarkReading) 

PayPal data breach led to fraudulent transactions 
Notification letters revealed that the cybersecurity incident was caused by an error in the PayPal Working Capital loan application. The personal information of a “small number of customers” was exposed for nearly six months. (SecurityWeek) 

Former L3Harris Trenchant boss jailed for selling hacking tools to Russian broker 
Williams was the general manager of the Trenchant division, which sells hacking and surveillance tools to the U.S. government and Five Eyes. (TechCrunch) 

Conduent data breach grows  
The spillover from a ransomware attack on one of the largest government contractors in the United States keeps getting bigger: More than 25 million people have now had personal data stolen in the hack. (TechCrunch) 

Spitting cash: ATM jackpotting attacks surged in 2025 
In 2025, criminals cracked 700 of ATMs across the U.S., marking a surprising spike in ATM attacks, according to the FBI, which has recorded around 1,900 incidents since 2020. (DarkReading) 

Can’t get enough Talos? 

Active exploitation of Cisco Catalyst SD-WAN by UAT-8616
Cisco Talos is tracking the active exploitation of CVE-2026-20127, a vulnerability in Cisco Catalyst SD-WAN Controller, formerly vSmart, that allows an unauthenticated remote attacker to bypass authentication and obtain administrative privileges.

“Good enough” emulation: Fuzzing a single thread to uncover vulnerabilities 
A Talos researcher used targeted emulation of the Socomec DIRIS M-70 gateway’s Modbus thread to uncover six patched vulnerabilities, showcasing efficient tools and methods for IoT security testing.

Upcoming events where you can find Talos 

Most prevalent malware files from Talos telemetry over the past week 

SHA256: 41f14d86bcaf8e949160ee2731802523e0c76fea87adf00ee7fe9567c3cec610 
MD5: 85bbddc502f7b10871621fd460243fbc 
Talos Rep: https://talosintelligence.com/talos_file_reputation?s=41f14d86bcaf8e949160ee2731802523e0c76fea87adf00ee7fe9567c3cec610 
Example Filename: 85bbddc502f7b10871621fd460243fbc.exe 
Detection Name: W32.41F14D86BC-100.SBX.TG 

SHA256: 9f1f11a708d393e0a4109ae189bc64f1f3e312653dcf317a2bd406f18ffcc507 
MD5: 2915b3f8b703eb744fc54c81f4a9c67f 
Talos Rep: https://talosintelligence.com/talos_file_reputation?s=9f1f11a708d393e0a4109ae189bc64f1f3e312653dcf317a2bd406f18ffcc507 
Example Filename: https_2915b3f8b703eb744fc54c81f4a9c67f.exe 
Detection Name: Win.Worm.Coinminer::1201 

SHA256: 96fa6a7714670823c83099ea01d24d6d3ae8fef027f01a4ddac14f123b1c9974 
MD5: aac3165ece2959f39ff98334618d10d9 
Talos Rep: https://talosintelligence.com/talos_file_reputation?s=96fa6a7714670823c83099ea01d24d6d3ae8fef027f01a4ddac14f123b1c9974 
Example Filename: d4aa3e7010220ad1b458fac17039c274_63_Exe.exe 
Detection Name: W32.Injector:Gen.21ie.1201 

SHA256: 90b1456cdbe6bc2779ea0b4736ed9a998a71ae37390331b6ba87e389a49d3d59 
MD5: c2efb2dcacba6d3ccc175b6ce1b7ed0a 
Talos Rep: https://talosintelligence.com/talos_file_reputation?s=90b1456cdbe6bc2779ea0b4736ed9a998a71ae37390331b6ba87e389a49d3d59 
Example Filename: d4aa3e7010220ad1b458fac17039c274_64_Dll.dll 
Detection Name: Auto.90B145.282358.in02 

SHA256: d921fc993574c8be76553bcf4296d2851e48ee39b958205e69bdfd7cf661d2b1 
MD5: 0c883b1d66afce606d9830f48d69d74b 
Talos Rep: https://talosintelligence.com/talos_file_reputation?s=d921fc993574c8be76553bcf4296d2851e48ee39b958205e69bdfd7cf661d2b1 
Example Filename: d921fc993574c8be76553bcf4296d2851e48ee39b958205e69bdfd7cf661d2b1.exe 
Detection Name: Win.Worm.Zard::95.sbx.tg

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