Australia, New Zealand, Tonga, Warn of Rising INC Ransom Attacks Targeting Pacific Networks
Cybersecurity agencies across the Pacific region are sharing concerns about the ransomware group INC Ransom’s expanding activities and the growing influence of its affiliate network.
A joint advisory issued by the Australian Cyber Security Centre (ACSC), National Computer Emergency Response Team Tonga (CERT Tonga), and the New Zealand National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC) highlights how the INC Ransom ecosystem has become an active threat to organizations in Australia, New Zealand, and Pacific Island states.
The advisory from the agencies down under is designed for both technical specialists and general network defenders. It outlines how INC Ransom operates, the techniques its affiliates use, and the steps organizations can take to reduce their exposure. Officials from the three agencies are urging both government ministries and private organizations to review the mitigation measures outlined in the guidance to strengthen defenses against INC Ransom activity.
What distinguishes this campaign is not only the ransomware itself, but the operational structure behind it. The INC Ransom ecosystem relies on a distributed affiliate model, enabling a broad range of cybercriminal operators to conduct attacks using shared tools and infrastructure.
The INC Ransom Affiliate Model and the RaaS Ecosystem
The operational structure of INC Ransom, which functions as a Ransomware-as-a-Service (RaaS) platform. The model allows external affiliates to deploy ransomware against victims while the core operators manage extortion negotiations and payment collection.
INC Ransom first emerged in mid-2023 as a financially motivated cybercriminal group believed to be based in Russia. Since then, the group has built an affiliate network that distributes ransomware to attackers targeting organizations worldwide. Within this structure, affiliates perform the technical intrusion and deployment of the malware, while the core INC Ransom operators handle victim communication and ransom demands.
The group is also known by other threat-intelligence labels, including Tarnished Scorpion and GOLD IONIC.
According to the advisory from ACSC, NCSC, and CERT Tonga, INC Ransom operations are particularly focused on organizations that manage sensitive or high-value information. Health care providers have become a prominent target globally, likely due to the operational pressure these organizations face when systems become unavailable.
Although earlier activity concentrated on victims in the United States and the United Kingdom, threat intelligence collected by ACSC, NCSC, and CERT Tonga indicates that the group has shifted attention toward the Pacific region since early 2025.
INC Ransom Incidents in Australia
In Australia, ACSC has tracked a series of incidents linked to INC Ransom affiliates.
Between 1 July 2024 and 31 December 2025, the ACSC responded to 11 incidents attributed to the ransomware operation. These incidents primarily affected organizations in professional services and the health care sector.
Since January 2025, analysts at the ACSC have observed INC Ransom affiliates targeting Australian health care entities through compromised user accounts. Once access is obtained, attackers typically escalate privileges by creating new administrator-level accounts. They then move laterally through internal systems to expand control within the network.
During these operations, INC Ransom affiliates have deployed malicious payloads using filenames such as “win.exe.” Investigations conducted by the ACSC have also identified cases in which attackers exfiltrated personally identifiable information and medical records before launching the encryption phase.
Victims typically discover ransom notes containing instructions and links to the INC Ransom Tor-based data leak site (DLS) where negotiations occur.
Health Infrastructure Disruption in Tonga
One of the most disruptive incidents linked to INC Ransom occurred in the Kingdom of Tonga.
On 15 June 2025, the ICT environment of the Tongan Ministry of Health was hit by a ransomware attack that disrupted the national health care network and rendered several core services inaccessible. Investigators from CERT Tonga, working with regional partners including ACSC and NCSC, discovered a ransom note associated with INC Ransom embedded within the ministry’s file systems.
On 26 June 2025, the INC Ransom group publicly claimed responsibility for the incident on its dark-web data leak site.
The advisory further identifies Roman Khubov, a cybercriminal also known as “blackod,” as the individual controlling the malicious infrastructure used to exfiltrate data during the Ministry of Health breach.
Ransomware Incident in New Zealand
Ransomware activity remains a persistent problem in New Zealand, where multiple sectors of the economy have experienced disruptions.
In May 2025, the NCSC received a report from a health-sector organization that had suffered a major ransomware intrusion. According to the notification, attackers encrypted a large number of servers and endpoint devices while also stealing significant volumes of data.
The NCSC investigation determined that INC Ransom was responsible for the incident. After the organization refused to meet the extortion demand, the attackers published the stolen dataset on the INC Ransom data leak site.
The event reinforced concerns among cybersecurity officials at NCSC, ACSC, and CERT Tonga that the group’s tactics are targeting organizations whose operations are highly sensitive to disruption.
Technical Tactics Used by INC Ransom
Technical analysis from ACSC, NCSC, and CERT Tonga shows that INC Ransom affiliates rely on several common intrusion techniques to gain initial access to victim networks.
The most frequently observed entry points include:
- Spear-phishing campaigns targeting employees
- Exploitation of unpatched internet-facing systems
- Purchased credentials from initial access brokers
Once inside the network, INC Ransom affiliates often rely on legitimate software tools rather than custom malware to perform key tasks. This tactic allows malicious activity to blend into normal administrative operations.
For example:
- 7-Zip and WinRAR are used to compress data before theft.
- The file synchronization tool rclone is frequently used to transfer stolen data outside the network.
After data exfiltration, attackers deploy the encryption component of INC Ransom. A ransom note is then left on affected systems with payment instructions and contact details.
If the targeted organization refuses to pay, INC Ransom operators initiate double-extortion tactics by publishing both the victim’s name and stolen information on the group’s leak site.
Security analysts note that the tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) used by INC Ransom share similarities with other ransomware operations such as Lynx, Nemty, Nemty X, Karma, and Nokoyawa.
Defensive Measures Recommended by ACSC, NCSC, and CERT Tonga
The joint advisory from ACSC, NCSC, and CERT Tonga outlines several practical security measures designed to reduce the risk of INC Ransom compromise.
Key defensive actions include:
- Maintain Reliable Backups: Organizations should maintain regular, tested backups of critical systems and store them securely to prevent unauthorized modification or deletion.
- Restrict Network Traffic: Network administrators should limit inbound and outbound traffic to only what is necessary for operations. Firewalls and filtering technologies can help reduce exposure to phishing campaigns and malicious attachments.
- Harden Remote Access: Virtual private networks (VPNs) and other remote access systems should be carefully configured to ensure only authorized users can reach sensitive resources.
- Implement Multi-Factor Authentication: The advisory from ACSC, NCSC, and CERT Tonga emphasizes implementing phishing-resistant multi-factor authentication (MFA) for internet-facing services and privileged accounts.
- Manage Privileged Access: Administrative privileges should be tightly controlled. Unique accounts for administrators improve accountability and reduce the impact of credential compromise.
- Maintain Strong Vulnerability Management: Regular vulnerability scanning and rapid patching of exposed systems remain critical, particularly for internet-facing services that ransomware actors commonly target.
Growing Regional Collaboration Against the INC Ransom
The joint advisory reflects cooperation among cybersecurity agencies across the Pacific. By sharing intelligence and incident data, organizations such as ACSC, NCSC, and CERT Tonga are building a more coordinated response to ransomware threats like INC Ransom.
The rise of affiliate-driven ransomware operations has significantly lowered the barrier to entry for cybercriminal activity. In this environment, the INC Ransom ecosystem demonstrates how distributed attacker networks can rapidly shift focus across geographic regions.
For organizations in Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific islands, the advisory from the Australian Cyber Security Centre (ACSC), New Zealand National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC), and National Computer Emergency Response Team Tonga (CERT Tonga) highlights the need to strengthen access controls, monitor network activity, and maintain a tested incident response plan to limit the impact of ransomware attacks.
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